CHAPTER 2 AIR NAVIGATION AND AIDS TO AIR NAVIGATION Overview Introduction In this chapter, you will be introduced to basic navigation, air navigation, and the equipment, charts, and publications used to facilitate air navigation. Understanding the above information is an integral part of the knowledge required to perform your duties as an air traffic controller. The more you know about what goes into planning and completing a successful flight, the better equipped you are to provide direction and offer assistance. The material in this chapter should give you a basic understanding of the principles of navigation, air navigation, and the aids that are available to assist the pilot in navigating the aircraft from one point to another. Objectives The material in this chapter will enable you to: Describe the fundamentals and terms of navigation and the fundamentals of plotting a position. Describe the different procedures used to plot a position. Identify the various aeronautical charts and publications used in air navigation, when they are updated, and the factors involved in chart construction and design. Describe the basic components, functions, uses, and limitations of various navigational aids as they relate to air traffic control. State the minimum standards required for monitors, monitor facilities, and monitoring of navigational aids (NAVAIDS). Continued on next page 2-1
Overview, Continued Acronyms The following table contains a list of acronyms that you must know to understand the material in this chapter: Acronym Meaning ADF Automatic direction finder AIM Aeronautical Information Manual ATC Air traffic control CH Compass heading DH Decision height DME Distance measuring equipment DOD Department of Defense ECN Enroute change notice FAA Federal Aviation Administration FCCN Foreign clearance change notice FCG Foreign clearance guide FLIP Flight information publication GHz Gigahertz Hz Hertz ICAO International Civil Aviation Organization ICN Interim change notice to the Foreign Clearance Guide IFR Instrument flight rules ILS Instrument landing system Continued on next page 2-2
Overview, Continued Acronyms (continued) Table continued from page 2-2. Acronym Meaning IM Inner marker, relative to the ILS IR IFR military training routes MH Magnetic heading MHZ Megahertz MM Middle marker, relative to the ILS MSL Mean sea level NAS National airspace system NAVAID Navigational aid NDB NIMA Nondirectional beacon National Imagery and Mapping Agency NOTAM Notice to airmen OM PCN Outer marker, relative to the ILS Planning change notice RB Relative bearing STAR SID SR TACAN TB TH Standard instrument departure Slow speed low altitude training route Standard terminal arrival Tactical air navigation True bearing True heading Continued on next page 2-3
Overview, Continued Acronyms (continued) Table continued from page 2-3. Acronym Meaning UCN Urgent change notice to FLIP products UHF Ultra high frequency UTC Coordinated universal time VFR VHF Visual flight rules Very high frequency VOR VHF omnidirectional range VOT VOR test facility VR VFR military training route Z Zulu time ZD Zone description Topics This chapter is divided into four sections: Section Topic See Page A Basic Concepts of Air Navigation 2-A-1 B Elementary Plotting 2-B-1 C Aeronautical Charts 2-C-1 D Navigational Aids 2-D-1 2-4
CHAPTER 4 AIRPORT LIGHTING, MARKINGS, AND EQUIPMENT Overview Introduction As an Air Traffic Controller, you must have a thorough knowledge of the airport layout, airfield markings, and airfield lighting equipment to effectively control aircraft and vehicular traffic on and in the vicinity of the airport. The information in this chapter will give you a basic understanding and enable you to make sound decisions based on your airfield's capabilities. This chapter does not cover everything with which you might possibly come in contact. Since improvements and new equipment come out all the time, make sure that you keep current with the equipment and changes at your airfield. Objectives The material in this chapter will enable you to: Identify standard airport markings. Identify the standards applicable to airfield lightings systems and indicate the functions of and operating rules for related components. Identify the different types of emergency recovery equipment and their uses. Acronyms The following table contains a list of acronyms that you must know to understand the material in this chanter: Acronym AICUZ Meaning Air installations compatible use zones ARFF Aircraft rescue and firefighting ATC ATCF Air traffic control Air traffic control facility EOD FAA Explosive ordnance disposal Federal Aviation Administration Continued on next page 4-1
Overview, Continued Acronyms (continued) Table continued from page 4-1. Acronym Meaning FAR Federal Aviation Regulation FCLP GCA Field carrier landing practice Ground controlled approach HIRL High intensity runway lights IFR Instrument flight rules ILS LIRL Instrument landing system Low intensity runway lights MIRL Medium intensity runway lights OLS PAPI Optical landing system Precision approach path indicator RCLS Runway centerline lighting system REIL Runway end identifier lights TACAN Tactical air navigation TDZL Touchdown zone lighting VASI Visual approach slope indicator VFR Visual flight rules VOR VHF Omnidirectional range Continued on next page 4-2
Overview, Continued Topics This chapter is divided into three sections: Section Topic See Page A Airport Layout 4-A-1 B Airfield Lighting Systems and Operations 4-B-1 C Miscellaneous Airfield Equipment and Emergency 4-C-1 Systems 4-3
CHAPTER 5 AIR TRAFFIC CONTROL EQUIPMENT Overview Introduction Your job as an air traffic controller is to effect the safe, orderly, expeditious movement of aircraft. You must also control vehicular and pedestrian traffic on the airfield. To do this, you use radios, radar, and signaling devices to provide information and instructions relative to the traffic. The equipment that we will discuss in this chapter are the tools of your trade. That you understand your equipment capabilities and limitations is important. You cannot perform your duties without a thorough understanding of the equipment available to you. Objectives The material in this chapter will enable you to: Identify the uses, functions, and capabilities of equipment used by ATC personnel aboard ship. Identify and describe the types and functions of various equipment found in most naval control towers. State the principle upon which radar operates and the general function of major components of a typical radar set. Identify the types, uses, and operating characteristics of ATC radar systems. Acronyms The following table contains a list if acronyms that you must know to understand the material in this chapter: Acronym AFC Meaning Automatic frequency control AFLCS Airfield lighting control system ARTCC Air route traffic control center Continued on next page 5-1
Overview, Continued Acronyms (continued) Table continued from page 5-1. Acronym Meaning ARTS Automated radar terminal system ASR Airport surveillance radar ATC Air traffic control ATCF Air traffic control facility ATCRBS Air traffic control radar beacon system ATIS Automatic terminal information service AZ Azimuth BRANDS BRITE radar alphanumeric display system BRITE Bright radar indicator tower equipment CATCC Carrier air traffic control center ETVS Enhanced terminal voice switch FAA Federal Aviation Administration CCA Carrier controlled approach CCTV Closed-circuit TV CDC Combat direction center CP Circular polarization CRT DAIR DoD EL Cathode-ray tube Direct altitude and identity readout Department of Defense Elevation Continued on next page 5-2
Overview, Continued Acronyms (continued) Table continued from page 5-2. Acronym Meaning FACSFAC Fleet area control and surveillance facility FACTS FACSFAC air control tracking system FLOLS Fresnel lens optical landing system FTC Fast time constant GCA Ground controlled approach ICLS Instrument carrier landing system IFF Identification friend or foe ILARTS Integrated launch and recovery television surveillance system ILM Independent landing monitor IFR Instrument Flight Rules IVCSS Integrated voice communications switching system JETDS Joint electronics type designation system LLWAS Low-level wind-shear alert system LSO Landing signal officer MOVLAS Manually operated, visual landing aid system MSL Mean sea level MTI Moving target indicator NAVAID Navigational aid NOTAM Notice to airmen PALS Precision approach and landing system Continued on next page 5-3
Overview, Continued Acronyms (continued) Table continued from page 5-3. PAR Precision approach radar PPI Plan position indicator PRF Pulse repetition frequency SFA Single-frequency approach SIF Selective identification feature STC Sensitivity time control VFR Visual Flight Rules VIDS Video information distribution system VISCOM Visual communications system Topics This chapter is divided into five sections: Section A B Topic Joint Electronics Type Designation System See Page 5-A-1 ATC Communications and Coordination Equipment 5-B-1 C Control Tower Equipment 5-C-1 D E Radar Equipment Shipboard Equipment 5-D-1 5-E-1 5-4
CHAPTER 7 Overview FLIGHT ASSISTANCE SERVICES Introduction As an Air Traffic Controller assigned to the flight planning branch of an air traffic control facility, the assistance you provide to pilots is very important. Your assistance plays a critical role in the safety of the flight as well as providing a smooth transition through the air traffic control system. You will need a thorough understanding of the information presented in this chapter to perform as an Air Traffic Controller. Objectives The material in this chapter will enable you to: Describe the functions of the flight planning branch. Identify the assistance given to a pilot by the Air Traffic Controller (AC) in planning a flight. Identify the conditions that require search and rescue (SAR) operations, and state the procedures to be followed in effecting SAR for both instrument flight rules (IFR) and visual flight rules (VFR) flights. Identify individual and activity responsibilities for originating and executing procedures under the notice to airmen (NOTAM) system. Acronyms The following table contains a list of acronyms that you must know to understand the material in this chanter. Acronym Meaning AC AFSS Air Traffic Controller Automated flight service station AIM Aeronautical Information Manual AIRAD Airmen Advisory ALNOT ARTCC ATC Alert notice Air route traffic control center Air traffic control Continued on next page 7-1
Overview, Continued Acronyms Table continued from page 7-1. (continued) Acronym Meaning ATCFO Air Traffic Control Facility Officer ATIS Automatic terminal information service AWN Automated weather network BASOPS Base Operations CHUM CNO Chart updating manual Chief of Naval Operations DoD Department of Defense DTG Date-Time Group DVFR Defense Visual Flight Rules ETA Estimated time of arrival ETE Estimated time enroute FAA FAR Federal Aviation Administration Federal Aviation Regulations FLIP DoD Flight Information Publication FSS Flight Service Station ICAO ID International Civil Aviation Organization Identification IFR Instrument Flight Rules IMC Instrument Meteorological Conditions INREQ LABS Information Request Leased A/B system NAVAID Navigational Aid NOTAM Notice to Airmen Continued on next page 7-2
Overview, Continued Acronyms Table continued from page 7-2. (continued) Topics Acronym Meaning PIREP Pilot weather report QALQ Code asking if aircraft has landed or returned to station RCC Rescue Coordination Center SAR Search and Rescue SID Standard instrument departure SVFR Special visual flight rules STAR Standard terminal arrival TACAN UHF Omnidirectional Navigational Aid VFR Visual Flight Rules VIP Very Important Person This chapter is divided into four sections: Section Topic See Page A Flight Planning Branch Functions 7-A-1 B Flight Planning 7-B-1 C Flight Handling 7-C-1 D NOTAMs 7-D-1 7-3
CHAPTER 9 CONTROL TOWER OPERATIONS Overview Introduction At any location where terminal air traffic control (ATC) operations are conducted, the control tower is the hub of the ATC complex. From this hub all clearances for landings and takeoffs originate. This is the case even though the aircraft may be under the direct control of a radar approach control or ground controlled approach (GCA) facility. The tower local controller is the final authority in determining the use of the runway. When both VFR and IFR air traffic are arriving and departing, the tower controller takes and coordinates actions needed to blend these operations into an orderly flow of traffic. Your job as the air traffic controller is to effect the safe, orderly movement of aircraft. You must also control vehicular and pedestrian traffic on the airfield. To do these jobs, you use radios and other signaling devices to provide information and instructions relative to the traffic and airport conditions. This chapter introduces you to the primary duties of a tower controller and to the control procedures you must use. Objectives The material in this chapter will enable you to: Identify the operating positions in a basic control tower Identify responsibilities of control tower personnel for each operating position Identify general procedures applicable to control tower operations Identify the component parts of standard traffic patterns State the landing and sequencing information given to pilots State those procedures that pertain to special operations Continued on next page 9-1
Overview, Continued Acronyms The following table contains a list of acronyms that you must know to understand the material in this chapter: Acronym Meaning AC Navy air traffic controller ATC Air traffic control ATIS CARF CD Automatic terminal information service Central altitude reservation function Clearance delivery position CTO Control tower operator FAA FCLP FD FDIO GC Federal Aviation Administration Field carrier landing practice Flight data position Flight data input/output Ground controller GCA Ground-controlled approach IFR Instrument flight rules LC LSO NOAA NOTAM SAFI SAR SVFR Local controller Landing signal officer National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Notice to airmen Semiautomatic flight inspection Search and rescue Special visual flight rules Continued on next page 9-2
Overview, Continued Acronyms (continued) Table continued from page 9-2. Acronym Meaning USAF U.S. Air Force VFR Visual flight rules Topics This chapter is divided into four sections: Section Topic See Page A Tower Operating Positions and Responsibilities 9-A-1 B General Control Tower Procedures 9-B-1 C Traffic Patterns 9-C-1 D Arrival and Departure Procedures 9-D-1 E Special Operations 9-E-1 9-3