CHAPTER 1
/g3 /g20/g16/g21/g3
Q1. Define direct current. Q2. Define alternating current. /g3 DISADVANTAGES OF DC COMPARED TO AC /g3 /g58/g75/g72/g81/g3/g70/g82/g80/g80/g72/g85/g70/g76/g68/g79/g3/g88/g86/g72/g3/g82/g73/g3/g72/g79/g72/g70/g87/g85/g76/g70/g76/g87/g92/g3/g69/g72/g70/g68/g80/g72/g3/g90/g76/g71/g72/g16/g86/g83/g85/g72/g68/g71/g3/g76/g81/g3/g87/g75/g72/g3/g56/g81/g76/g87/g72/g71/g3/g54/g87/g68/g87/g72/g86/g15/g3/g70/g72/g85/g87/g68/g76/g81/g3/g71/g76/g86/g68/g71/g89/g68/g81/g87/g68/g74/g72/g86/g3 /g76/g81/g3/g88/g86/g76/g81/g74/g3/g71/g76/g85/g72/g70/g87/g3/g70/g88/g85/g85/g72/g81/g87/g3/g76/g81/g3/g87/g75/g72/g3/g75/g82/g80/g72/g3/g69/g72/g70/g68/g80/g72/g3/g68/g83/g83/g68/g85/g72/g81/g87/g17/g3/g44/g73/g3/g68/g3/g70/g82/g80/g80/g72/g85/g70/g76/g68/g79/g3/g71/g76/g85/g72/g70/g87/g16/g70/g88/g85/g85/g72/g81/g87/g3/g86/g92/g86/g87/g72/g80/g3/g76/g86/g3/g88/g86/g72/g71/g15/g3/g87/g75/g72/g3 /g89/g82/g79/g87/g68/g74/g72/g3/g80/g88/g86/g87/g3/g69/g72/g3/g74/g72/g81/g72/g85/g68/g87/g72/g71/g3/g68/g87/g3/g87/g75/g72/g3/g79/g72/g89/g72/g79/g3/g11/g68/g80/g83/g79/g76/g87/g88/g71/g72/g3/g82/g85/g3/g89/g68/g79/g88/g72/g12/g3/g85/g72/g84/g88/g76/g85/g72/g71/g3/g69/g92/g3/g87/g75/g72/g3/g79/g82/g68/g71/g17/g3/g55/g82/g3/g83/g85/g82/g83/g72/g85/g79/g92/g3/g79/g76/g74/g75/g87/g3/g68/g3/g21/g23/g19/g16 /g89/g82/g79/g87/g3/g79/g68/g80/g83/g15/g3/g73/g82/g85/g3/g72/g91/g68/g80/g83/g79/g72/g15/g3/g87/g75/g72/g3/g71/g70/g3/g74/g72/g81/g72/g85/g68/g87/g82/g85/g3/g80/g88/g86/g87/g3/g71/g72/g79/g76/g89/g72/g85/g3/g21/g23/g19/g3/g89/g82/g79/g87/g86/g17/g3/g44/g73/g3/g68/g3/g20/g21/g19/g16/g89/g82/g79/g87/g3/g79/g68/g80/g83/g3/g76/g86/g3/g87/g82/g3/g69/g72/g3/g86/g88/g83/g83/g79/g76/g72/g71/g3/g83/g82/g90/g72/g85/g3 /g73/g85/g82/g80/g3/g87/g75/g72/g3/g21/g23/g19/g16/g89/g82/g79/g87/g3/g74/g72/g81/g72/g85/g68/g87/g82/g85/g15/g3/g68/g3/g85/g72/g86/g76/g86/g87/g82/g85/g3/g82/g85/g3/g68/g81/g82/g87/g75/g72/g85/g3/g20/g21/g19/g16/g89/g82/g79/g87/g3/g79/g68/g80/g83/g3/g80/g88/g86/g87/g3/g69/g72/g3/g83/g79/g68/g70/g72/g71/g3/g76/g81/g3/g86/g72/g85/g76/g72/g86/g3/g90/g76/g87/g75/g3/g87/g75/g72/g3/g20/g21/g19/g16/g89/g82/g79/g87/g3 /g79/g68/g80/g83/g3/g87/g82/g3/g71/g85/g82/g83/g3/g87/g75/g72/g3/g72/g91/g87/g85/g68/g3/g20/g21/g19/g3/g89/g82/g79/g87/g86/g17/g3/g58/g75/g72/g81/g3/g87/g75/g72/g3/g85/g72/g86/g76/g86/g87/g82/g85/g3/g76/g86/g3/g88/g86/g72/g71/g3/g87/g82/g3/g85/g72/g71/g88/g70/g72/g3/g87/g75/g72/g3/g89/g82/g79/g87/g68/g74/g72/g15/g3/g68/g81/g3/g68/g80/g82/g88/g81/g87/g3/g82/g73/g3/g83/g82/g90/g72/g85/g3 /g72/g84/g88/g68/g79/g3/g87/g82/g3/g87/g75/g68/g87/g3/g70/g82/g81/g86/g88/g80/g72/g71/g3/g69/g92/g3/g87/g75/g72/g3/g79/g68/g80/g83/g3/g76/g86/g3/g90/g68/g86/g87/g72/g71/g17/g3 /g3 /g36/g81/g82/g87/g75/g72/g85/g3/g71/g76/g86/g68/g71/g89/g68/g81/g87/g68/g74/g72/g3/g82/g73/g3/g87/g75/g72/g3/g71/g76/g85/g72/g70/g87/g16/g70/g88/g85/g85/g72/g81/g87/g3/g86/g92/g86/g87/g72/g80/g3/g69/g72/g70/g82/g80/g72/g86/g3/g72/g89/g76/g71/g72/g81/g87/g3/g90/g75/g72/g81/g3/g87/g75/g72/g3/g71/g76/g85/g72/g70/g87/g3/g70/g88/g85/g85/g72/g81/g87/g3/g11/g44/g12/g3/g73/g85/g82/g80/g3 /g87/g75/g72/g3/g74/g72/g81/g72/g85/g68/g87/g76/g81/g74/g3/g86/g87/g68/g87/g76/g82/g81/g3/g80/g88/g86/g87/g3/g69/g72/g3/g87/g85/g68/g81/g86/g80/g76/g87/g87/g72/g71/g3/g68/g3/g79/g82/g81/g74/g3/g71/g76/g86/g87/g68/g81/g70/g72/g3/g82/g89/g72/g85/g3/g90/g76/g85/g72/g86/g3/g87/g82/g3/g87/g75/g72/g3/g70/g82/g81/g86/g88/g80/g72/g85/g17/g3/g58/g75/g72/g81/g3/g87/g75/g76/g86/g3/g75/g68/g83/g83/g72/g81/g86/g15/g3 /g68/g3/g79/g68/g85/g74/g72/g3/g68/g80/g82/g88/g81/g87/g3/g82/g73/g3/g83/g82/g90/g72/g85/g3/g76/g86/g3/g79/g82/g86/g87/g3/g71/g88/g72/g3/g87/g82/g3/g87/g75/g72/g3/g85/g72/g86/g76/g86/g87/g68/g81/g70/g72/g3/g11/g53/g12/g3/g82/g73/g3/g87/g75/g72/g3/g90/g76/g85/g72/g17/g3/g55/g75/g72/g3/g83/g82/g90/g72/g85/g3/g79/g82/g86/g86/g3/g76/g86/g3/g72/g84/g88/g68/g79/g3/g87/g82/g3/g44 /g21/g53/g17/g3 /g43/g82/g90/g72/g89/g72/g85/g15/g3/g87/g75/g76/g86/g3/g79/g82/g86/g86/g3/g70/g68/g81/g3/g69/g72/g3/g74/g85/g72/g68/g87/g79/g92/g3/g85/g72/g71/g88/g70/g72/g71/g3/g76/g73/g3/g87/g75/g72/g3/g83/g82/g90/g72/g85/g3/g76/g86/g3/g87/g85/g68/g81/g86/g80/g76/g87/g87/g72/g71/g3/g82/g89/g72/g85/g3/g87/g75/g72/g3/g79/g76/g81/g72/g86/g3/g68/g87/g3/g68/g3/g89/g72/g85/g92/g3/g75/g76/g74/g75/g3/g89/g82/g79/g87/g68/g74/g72/g3 /g79/g72/g89/g72/g79/g3/g68/g81/g71/g3/g68/g3/g79/g82/g90/g3/g70/g88/g85/g85/g72/g81/g87/g3/g79/g72/g89/g72/g79/g17/g3/g55/g75/g76/g86/g3/g76/g86/g3/g81/g82/g87/g3/g68/g3/g83/g85/g68/g70/g87/g76/g70/g68/g79/g3/g86/g82/g79/g88/g87/g76/g82/g81/g3/g87/g82/g3/g87/g75/g72/g3/g83/g82/g90/g72/g85/g3/g79/g82/g86/g86/g3/g76/g81/g3/g87/g75/g72/g3/g71/g70/g3/g86/g92/g86/g87/g72/g80/g3/g86/g76/g81/g70/g72/g3/g87/g75/g72/g3 /g79/g82/g68/g71/g3/g90/g82/g88/g79/g71/g3/g87/g75/g72/g81/g3/g75/g68/g89/g72/g3/g87/g82/g3/g69/g72/g3/g82/g83/g72/g85/g68/g87/g72/g71/g3/g68/g87/g3/g68/g3/g71/g68/g81/g74/g72/g85/g82/g88/g86/g79/g92/g3/g75/g76/g74/g75/g3/g89/g82/g79/g87/g68/g74/g72/g17/g3/g37/g72/g70/g68/g88/g86/g72/g3/g82/g73/g3/g87/g75/g72/g3/g71/g76/g86/g68/g71/g89/g68/g81/g87/g68/g74/g72/g86/g3/g85/g72/g79/g68/g87/g72/g71/g3 /g87/g82/g3/g87/g85/g68/g81/g86/g80/g76/g87/g87/g76/g81/g74/g3/g68/g81/g71/g3/g88/g86/g76/g81/g74/g3/g71/g76/g85/g72/g70/g87/g3/g70/g88/g85/g85/g72/g81/g87/g15/g3/g83/g85/g68/g70/g87/g76/g70/g68/g79/g79/g92/g3/g68/g79/g79/g3/g80/g82/g71/g72/g85/g81/g3/g70/g82/g80/g80/g72/g85/g70/g76/g68/g79/g3/g72/g79/g72/g70/g87/g85/g76/g70/g3/g83/g82/g90/g72/g85/g3/g70/g82/g80/g83/g68/g81/g76/g72/g86/g3 /g74/g72/g81/g72/g85/g68/g87/g72/g3/g68/g81/g71/g3/g71/g76/g86/g87/g85/g76/g69/g88/g87/g72/g3/g68/g79/g87/g72/g85/g81/g68/g87/g76/g81/g74/g3/g70/g88/g85/g85/g72/g81/g87/g3/g11/g68/g70/g12/g17/g3
/g3 /g20/g16/g22/g3 /g3 /g56/g81/g79/g76/g78/g72/g3/g71/g76/g85/g72/g70/g87/g3/g89/g82/g79/g87/g68/g74/g72/g86/g15/g3/g68/g79/g87/g72/g85/g81/g68/g87/g76/g81/g74/g3/g89/g82/g79/g87/g68/g74/g72/g86/g3/g70/g68/g81/g3/g69/g72/g3/g86/g87/g72/g83/g83/g72/g71/g3/g88/g83/g3/g82/g85/g3/g71/g82/g90/g81/g3/g76/g81/g3/g68/g80/g83/g79/g76/g87/g88/g71/g72/g3/g69/g92/g3/g68/g3/g71/g72/g89/g76/g70/g72/g3 /g70/g68/g79/g79/g72/g71/g3/g68/g3/g55/g53/g36/g49/g54/g41/g50/g53/g48/g40/g53/g17/g3/g11/g55/g75/g72/g3/g87/g85/g68/g81/g86/g73/g82/g85/g80/g72/g85/g3/g90/g76/g79/g79/g3/g69/g72/g3/g72/g91/g83/g79/g68/g76/g81/g72/g71/g3/g79/g68/g87/g72/g85/g3/g76/g81/g3/g87/g75/g76/g86/g3/g80/g82/g71/g88/g79/g72/g17/g12/g3/g56/g86/g72/g3/g82/g73/g3/g87/g75/g72/g3 /g87/g85/g68/g81/g86/g73/g82/g85/g80/g72/g85/g3/g83/g72/g85/g80/g76/g87/g86/g3/g72/g73/g73/g76/g70/g76/g72/g81/g87/g3/g87/g85/g68/g81/g86/g80/g76/g86/g86/g76/g82/g81/g3/g82/g73/g3/g72/g79/g72/g70/g87/g85/g76/g70/g68/g79/g3/g83/g82/g90/g72/g85/g3/g82/g89/g72/g85/g3/g79/g82/g81/g74/g16/g71/g76/g86/g87/g68/g81/g70/g72/g3/g79/g76/g81/g72/g86/g17/g3/g36/g87/g3/g87/g75/g72/g3/g72/g79/g72/g70/g87/g85/g76/g70/g68/g79/g3 /g83/g82/g90/g72/g85/g3/g86/g87/g68/g87/g76/g82/g81/g15/g3/g87/g75/g72/g3/g87/g85/g68/g81/g86/g73/g82/g85/g80/g72/g85/g3/g82/g88/g87/g83/g88/g87/g3/g83/g82/g90/g72/g85/g3/g76/g86/g3/g68/g87/g3/g75/g76/g74/g75/g3/g89/g82/g79/g87/g68/g74/g72/g3/g68/g81/g71/g3/g79/g82/g90/g3/g70/g88/g85/g85/g72/g81/g87/g3/g79/g72/g89/g72/g79/g86/g17/g3/g36/g87/g3/g87/g75/g72/g3/g70/g82/g81/g86/g88/g80/g72/g85/g3 /g72/g81/g71/g3/g82/g73/g3/g87/g75/g72/g3/g87/g85/g68/g81/g86/g80/g76/g86/g86/g76/g82/g81/g3/g79/g76/g81/g72/g86/g15/g3/g87/g75/g72/g3/g89/g82/g79/g87/g68/g74/g72/g3/g76/g86/g3/g86/g87/g72/g83/g83/g72/g71/g3/g71/g82/g90/g81/g3/g69/g92/g3/g68/g3/g87/g85/g68/g81/g86/g73/g82/g85/g80/g72/g85/g3/g87/g82/g3/g87/g75/g72/g3/g89/g68/g79/g88/g72/g3/g85/g72/g84/g88/g76/g85/g72/g71/g3/g69/g92/g3/g87/g75/g72/g3 /g79/g82/g68/g71/g17/g3/g39/g88/g72/g3/g87/g82/g3/g76/g87/g86/g3/g76/g81/g75/g72/g85/g72/g81/g87/g3/g68/g71/g89/g68/g81/g87/g68/g74/g72/g86/g3/g68/g81/g71/g3/g89/g72/g85/g86/g68/g87/g76/g79/g76/g87/g92/g15/g3/g68/g79/g87/g72/g85/g81/g68/g87/g76/g81/g74/g3/g70/g88/g85/g85/g72/g81/g87/g3/g75/g68/g86/g3/g85/g72/g83/g79/g68/g70/g72/g71/g3/g71/g76/g85/g72/g70/g87/g3/g70/g88/g85/g85/g72/g81/g87/g3/g76/g81/g3/g68/g79/g79/g3 /g69/g88/g87/g3/g68/g3/g73/g72/g90/g3/g70/g82/g80/g80/g72/g85/g70/g76/g68/g79/g3/g83/g82/g90/g72/g85/g3/g71/g76/g86/g87/g85/g76/g69/g88/g87/g76/g82/g81/g3/g86/g92/g86/g87/g72/g80/g86/g17/g3 Q3. What is a disadvantage of a direct-current system with respect to supply voltage? Q4. What disadvantage of a direct current is due to the resistance of the transmission wires? Q5. What kind of electrical current is used in most modern power distribution systems? /g3 VOLTAGE WAVEFORMS /g3 /g60/g82/g88/g3/g81/g82/g90/g3/g78/g81/g82/g90/g3/g87/g75/g68/g87/g3/g87/g75/g72/g85/g72/g3/g68/g85/g72/g3/g87/g90/g82/g3/g87/g92/g83/g72/g86/g3/g82/g73/g3/g70/g88/g85/g85/g72/g81/g87/g3/g68/g81/g71/g3/g89/g82/g79/g87/g68/g74/g72/g15/g3/g87/g75/g68/g87/g3/g76/g86/g15/g3/g71/g76/g85/g72/g70/g87/g3/g70/g88/g85/g85/g72/g81/g87/g3/g68/g81/g71/g3/g89/g82/g79/g87/g68/g74/g72/g3/g68/g81/g71/g3 /g68/g79/g87/g72/g85/g81/g68/g87/g76/g81/g74/g3/g70/g88/g85/g85/g72/g81/g87/g3/g68/g81/g71/g3/g89/g82/g79/g87/g68/g74/g72/g17/g3/g44/g73/g3/g68/g3/g74/g85/g68/g83/g75/g3/g76/g86/g3/g70/g82/g81/g86/g87/g85/g88/g70/g87/g72/g71/g3/g86/g75/g82/g90/g76/g81/g74/g3/g87/g75/g72/g3/g68/g80/g83/g79/g76/g87/g88/g71/g72/g3/g82/g73/g3/g68/g3/g71/g70/g3/g89/g82/g79/g87/g68/g74/g72/g3/g68/g70/g85/g82/g86/g86/g3/g87/g75/g72/g3 /g87/g72/g85/g80/g76/g81/g68/g79/g86/g3/g82/g73/g3/g68/g3/g69/g68/g87/g87/g72/g85/g92/g3/g90/g76/g87/g75/g3/g85/g72/g86/g83/g72/g70/g87/g3/g87/g82/g3/g87/g76/g80/g72/g15/g3/g76/g87/g3/g90/g76/g79/g79/g3/g68/g83/g83/g72/g68/g85/g3/g76/g81/g3/g73/g76/g74/g88/g85/g72/g3/g20/g16/g20/g3/g89/g76/g72/g90/g3/g36/g17/g3/g55/g75/g72/g3/g71/g70/g3/g89/g82/g79/g87/g68/g74/g72/g3/g76/g86/g3/g86/g75/g82/g90/g81/g3/g87/g82/g3 /g75/g68/g89/g72/g3/g68/g3/g70/g82/g81/g86/g87/g68/g81/g87/g3/g68/g80/g83/g79/g76/g87/g88/g71/g72/g17/g3/g54/g82/g80/g72/g3/g89/g82/g79/g87/g68/g74/g72/g86/g3/g74/g82/g3/g87/g75/g85/g82/g88/g74/g75/g3/g83/g72/g85/g76/g82/g71/g76/g70/g3/g70/g75/g68/g81/g74/g72/g86/g3/g76/g81/g3/g68/g80/g83/g79/g76/g87/g88/g71/g72/g3/g79/g76/g78/g72/g3/g87/g75/g82/g86/g72/g3/g86/g75/g82/g90/g81/g3/g76/g81/g3 /g73/g76/g74/g88/g85/g72/g3/g20/g16/g20/g3/g89/g76/g72/g90/g3/g37/g17/g3/g55/g75/g72/g3/g83/g68/g87/g87/g72/g85/g81/g3/g90/g75/g76/g70/g75/g3/g85/g72/g86/g88/g79/g87/g86/g3/g90/g75/g72/g81/g3/g87/g75/g72/g86/g72/g3/g70/g75/g68/g81/g74/g72/g86/g3/g76/g81/g3/g68/g80/g83/g79/g76/g87/g88/g71/g72/g3/g90/g76/g87/g75/g3/g85/g72/g86/g83/g72/g70/g87/g3/g87/g82/g3/g87/g76/g80/g72/g3/g68/g85/g72/g3 /g83/g79/g82/g87/g87/g72/g71/g3/g82/g81/g3/g74/g85/g68/g83/g75/g3/g83/g68/g83/g72/g85/g3/g76/g86/g3/g78/g81/g82/g90/g81/g3/g68/g86/g3/g68/g3/g58/g36/g57/g40/g41/g50/g53/g48/g17/g3/g41/g76/g74/g88/g85/g72/g3/g20/g16/g20/g3/g89/g76/g72/g90/g3/g37/g3/g86/g75/g82/g90/g86/g3/g86/g82/g80/g72/g3/g82/g73/g3/g87/g75/g72/g3/g70/g82/g80/g80/g82/g81/g3 /g72/g79/g72/g70/g87/g85/g76/g70/g68/g79/g3/g90/g68/g89/g72/g73/g82/g85/g80/g86/g17/g3/g50/g73/g3/g87/g75/g82/g86/g72/g3/g76/g79/g79/g88/g86/g87/g85/g68/g87/g72/g71/g15/g3/g87/g75/g72/g3/g86/g76/g81/g72/g3/g90/g68/g89/g72/g3/g90/g76/g79/g79/g3/g69/g72/g3/g71/g72/g68/g79/g87/g3/g90/g76/g87/g75/g3/g80/g82/g86/g87/g3/g82/g73/g87/g72/g81/g17/g3
Figure 1-1.—Voltage waveforms: (A) Direct voltage; (B) Alternating voltage.
/g3 /g20/g16/g23/g3 ELECTROMAGNETISM /g3 /g55/g75/g72/g3/g86/g76/g81/g72/g3/g90/g68/g89/g72/g3/g76/g79/g79/g88/g86/g87/g85/g68/g87/g72/g71/g3/g76/g81/g3/g73/g76/g74/g88/g85/g72/g3/g20/g16/g20/g3/g89/g76/g72/g90/g3/g37/g3/g76/g86/g3/g68/g3/g83/g79/g82/g87/g3/g82/g73/g3/g68/g3/g70/g88/g85/g85/g72/g81/g87/g3/g90/g75/g76/g70/g75/g3/g70/g75/g68/g81/g74/g72/g86/g3/g68/g80/g83/g79/g76/g87/g88/g71/g72/g3/g68/g81/g71/g3 /g71/g76/g85/g72/g70/g87/g76/g82/g81/g17/g3/g36/g79/g87/g75/g82/g88/g74/g75/g3/g87/g75/g72/g85/g72/g3/g68/g85/g72/g3/g86/g72/g89/g72/g85/g68/g79/g3/g90/g68/g92/g86/g3/g82/g73/g3/g83/g85/g82/g71/g88/g70/g76/g81/g74/g3/g87/g75/g76/g86/g3/g70/g88/g85/g85/g72/g81/g87/g15/g3/g87/g75/g72/g3/g80/g72/g87/g75/g82/g71/g3/g69/g68/g86/g72/g71/g3/g82/g81/g3/g87/g75/g72/g3/g83/g85/g76/g81/g70/g76/g83/g79/g72/g86/g3 /g82/g73/g3/g72/g79/g72/g70/g87/g85/g82/g80/g68/g74/g81/g72/g87/g76/g70/g3/g76/g81/g71/g88/g70/g87/g76/g82/g81/g3/g76/g86/g3/g69/g92/g3/g73/g68/g85/g3/g87/g75/g72/g3/g72/g68/g86/g76/g72/g86/g87/g3/g68/g81/g71/g3/g80/g82/g86/g87/g3/g70/g82/g80/g80/g82/g81/g3/g80/g72/g87/g75/g82/g71/g3/g76/g81/g3/g88/g86/g72/g17/g3 /g3 /g55/g75/g72/g3/g73/g88/g81/g71/g68/g80/g72/g81/g87/g68/g79/g3/g87/g75/g72/g82/g85/g76/g72/g86/g3/g70/g82/g81/g70/g72/g85/g81/g76/g81/g74/g3/g86/g76/g80/g83/g79/g72/g3/g80/g68/g74/g81/g72/g87/g86/g3/g68/g81/g71/g3/g80/g68/g74/g81/g72/g87/g76/g86/g80/g3/g90/g72/g85/g72/g3/g71/g76/g86/g70/g88/g86/g86/g72/g71/g3/g76/g81/g3/g48/g82/g71/g88/g79/g72/g3/g20/g15/g3 /g69/g88/g87/g3/g75/g82/g90/g3/g80/g68/g74/g81/g72/g87/g76/g86/g80/g3/g70/g68/g81/g3/g69/g72/g3/g88/g86/g72/g71/g3/g87/g82/g3/g83/g85/g82/g71/g88/g70/g72/g3/g72/g79/g72/g70/g87/g85/g76/g70/g76/g87/g92/g3/g90/g68/g86/g3/g82/g81/g79/g92/g3/g69/g85/g76/g72/g73/g79/g92/g3/g80/g72/g81/g87/g76/g82/g81/g72/g71/g17/g3/g55/g75/g76/g86/g3/g80/g82/g71/g88/g79/g72/g3/g90/g76/g79/g79/g3/g74/g76/g89/g72/g3 /g92/g82/g88/g3/g68/g3/g80/g82/g85/g72/g3/g76/g81/g16/g71/g72/g83/g87/g75/g3/g86/g87/g88/g71/g92/g3/g82/g73/g3/g80/g68/g74/g81/g72/g87/g76/g86/g80/g17/g3/g55/g75/g72/g3/g80/g68/g76/g81/g3/g83/g82/g76/g81/g87/g86/g3/g87/g75/g68/g87/g3/g90/g76/g79/g79/g3/g69/g72/g3/g72/g91/g83/g79/g68/g76/g81/g72/g71/g3/g68/g85/g72/g3/g75/g82/g90/g3/g80/g68/g74/g81/g72/g87/g76/g86/g80/g3/g76/g86/g3 /g68/g73/g73/g72/g70/g87/g72/g71/g3/g69/g92/g3/g68/g81/g3/g72/g79/g72/g70/g87/g85/g76/g70/g3/g70/g88/g85/g85/g72/g81/g87/g3/g68/g81/g71/g15/g3/g70/g82/g81/g89/g72/g85/g86/g72/g79/g92/g15/g3/g75/g82/g90/g3/g72/g79/g72/g70/g87/g85/g76/g70/g76/g87/g92/g3/g76/g86/g3/g68/g73/g73/g72/g70/g87/g72/g71/g3/g69/g92/g3/g80/g68/g74/g81/g72/g87/g76/g86/g80/g17/g3/g55/g75/g76/g86/g3/g74/g72/g81/g72/g85/g68/g79/g3 /g86/g88/g69/g77/g72/g70/g87/g3/g68/g85/g72/g68/g3/g76/g86/g3/g80/g82/g86/g87/g3/g82/g73/g87/g72/g81/g3/g85/g72/g73/g72/g85/g85/g72/g71/g3/g87/g82/g3/g68/g86/g3/g40/g47/g40/g38/g55/g53/g50/g48/g36/g42/g49/g40/g55/g44/g54/g48/g17/g3/g55/g82/g3/g83/g85/g82/g83/g72/g85/g79/g92/g3/g88/g81/g71/g72/g85/g86/g87/g68/g81/g71/g3/g72/g79/g72/g70/g87/g85/g76/g70/g76/g87/g92/g3/g92/g82/g88/g3 /g80/g88/g86/g87/g3/g73/g76/g85/g86/g87/g3/g69/g72/g70/g82/g80/g72/g3/g73/g68/g80/g76/g79/g76/g68/g85/g3/g90/g76/g87/g75/g3/g87/g75/g72/g3/g85/g72/g79/g68/g87/g76/g82/g81/g86/g75/g76/g83/g86/g3/g69/g72/g87/g90/g72/g72/g81/g3/g80/g68/g74/g81/g72/g87/g76/g86/g80/g3/g68/g81/g71/g3/g72/g79/g72/g70/g87/g85/g76/g70/g76/g87/g92/g17/g3/g41/g82/g85/g3/g72/g91/g68/g80/g83/g79/g72/g15/g3/g92/g82/g88/g3 /g80/g88/g86/g87/g3/g78/g81/g82/g90/g3/g87/g75/g68/g87/g29/g3 • /g36/g81/g3/g72/g79/g72/g70/g87/g85/g76/g70/g3/g70/g88/g85/g85/g72/g81/g87/g3/g68/g79/g90/g68/g92/g86/g3/g83/g85/g82/g71/g88/g70/g72/g86/g3/g86/g82/g80/g72/g3/g73/g82/g85/g80/g3/g82/g73/g3/g80/g68/g74/g81/g72/g87/g76/g86/g80/g17/g3 • /g55/g75/g72/g3/g80/g82/g86/g87/g3/g70/g82/g80/g80/g82/g81/g79/g92/g3/g88/g86/g72/g71/g3/g80/g72/g68/g81/g86/g3/g73/g82/g85/g3/g83/g85/g82/g71/g88/g70/g76/g81/g74/g3/g82/g85/g3/g88/g86/g76/g81/g74/g3/g72/g79/g72/g70/g87/g85/g76/g70/g76/g87/g92/g3/g76/g81/g89/g82/g79/g89/g72/g86/g3/g80/g68/g74/g81/g72/g87/g76/g86/g80/g17/g3 • /g55/g75/g72/g3/g83/g72/g70/g88/g79/g76/g68/g85/g3/g69/g72/g75/g68/g89/g76/g82/g85/g3/g82/g73/g3/g72/g79/g72/g70/g87/g85/g76/g70/g76/g87/g92/g3/g88/g81/g71/g72/g85/g3/g70/g72/g85/g87/g68/g76/g81/g3/g70/g82/g81/g71/g76/g87/g76/g82/g81/g86/g3/g76/g86/g3/g70/g68/g88/g86/g72/g71/g3/g69/g92/g3/g80/g68/g74/g81/g72/g87/g76/g70/g3/g76/g81/g73/g79/g88/g72/g81/g70/g72/g86/g17/g3 /g3 MAGNETIC FIELDS /g3 /g44/g81/g3/g20/g27/g20/g28/g3/g43/g68/g81/g86/g3/g38/g75/g85/g76/g86/g87/g76/g68/g81/g3/g50/g72/g85/g86/g87/g72/g71/g15/g3/g68/g3/g39/g68/g81/g76/g86/g75/g3/g83/g75/g92/g86/g76/g70/g76/g86/g87/g15/g3/g73/g82/g88/g81/g71/g3/g87/g75/g68/g87/g3/g68/g3/g71/g72/g73/g76/g81/g76/g87/g72/g3/g85/g72/g79/g68/g87/g76/g82/g81/g86/g75/g76/g83/g3/g72/g91/g76/g86/g87/g86/g3/g69/g72/g87/g90/g72/g72/g81/g3 /g80/g68/g74/g81/g72/g87/g76/g86/g80/g3/g68/g81/g71/g3/g72/g79/g72/g70/g87/g85/g76/g70/g76/g87/g92/g17/g3/g43/g72/g3/g71/g76/g86/g70/g82/g89/g72/g85/g72/g71/g3/g87/g75/g68/g87/g3/g68/g81/g3/g72/g79/g72/g70/g87/g85/g76/g70/g3/g70/g88/g85/g85/g72/g81/g87/g3/g76/g86/g3/g68/g79/g90/g68/g92/g86/g3/g68/g70/g70/g82/g80/g83/g68/g81/g76/g72/g71/g3/g69/g92/g3/g70/g72/g85/g87/g68/g76/g81/g3 /g80/g68/g74/g81/g72/g87/g76/g70/g3/g72/g73/g73/g72/g70/g87/g86/g3/g68/g81/g71/g3/g87/g75/g68/g87/g3/g87/g75/g72/g86/g72/g3/g72/g73/g73/g72/g70/g87/g86/g3/g82/g69/g72/g92/g3/g71/g72/g73/g76/g81/g76/g87/g72/g3/g79/g68/g90/g86/g17/g3 MAGNETIC FIELD AROUND A CURRENT-CARRYING CONDUCTOR /g3 /g44/g73/g3/g68/g3/g70/g82/g80/g83/g68/g86/g86/g3/g76/g86/g3/g83/g79/g68/g70/g72/g71/g3/g76/g81/g3/g87/g75/g72/g3/g89/g76/g70/g76/g81/g76/g87/g92/g3/g82/g73/g3/g68/g3/g70/g88/g85/g85/g72/g81/g87/g16/g70/g68/g85/g85/g92/g76/g81/g74/g3/g70/g82/g81/g71/g88/g70/g87/g82/g85/g15/g3/g87/g75/g72/g3/g70/g82/g80/g83/g68/g86/g86/g3/g81/g72/g72/g71/g79/g72/g3/g90/g76/g79/g79/g3/g68/g79/g76/g74/g81/g3 /g76/g87/g86/g72/g79/g73/g3/g68/g87/g3/g85/g76/g74/g75/g87/g3/g68/g81/g74/g79/g72/g86/g3/g87/g82/g3/g87/g75/g72/g3/g70/g82/g81/g71/g88/g70/g87/g82/g85/g15/g3/g87/g75/g88/g86/g3/g76/g81/g71/g76/g70/g68/g87/g76/g81/g74/g3/g87/g75/g72/g3/g83/g85/g72/g86/g72/g81/g70/g72/g3/g82/g73/g3/g68/g3/g80/g68/g74/g81/g72/g87/g76/g70/g3/g73/g82/g85/g70/g72/g17/g3/g60/g82/g88/g3/g70/g68/g81/g3 /g71/g72/g80/g82/g81/g86/g87/g85/g68/g87/g72/g3/g87/g75/g72/g3/g83/g85/g72/g86/g72/g81/g70/g72/g3/g82/g73/g3/g87/g75/g76/g86/g3/g73/g82/g85/g70/g72/g3/g69/g92/g3/g88/g86/g76/g81/g74/g3/g87/g75/g72/g3/g68/g85/g85/g68/g81/g74/g72/g80/g72/g81/g87/g3/g76/g79/g79/g88/g86/g87/g85/g68/g87/g72/g71/g3/g76/g81/g3/g73/g76/g74/g88/g85/g72/g3/g20/g16/g21/g17/g3/g44/g81/g3/g69/g82/g87/g75/g3/g11/g36/g12/g3/g68/g81/g71/g3 /g11/g37/g12/g3/g82/g73/g3/g87/g75/g72/g3/g73/g76/g74/g88/g85/g72/g15/g3/g70/g88/g85/g85/g72/g81/g87/g3/g73/g79/g82/g90/g86/g3/g76/g81/g3/g68/g3/g89/g72/g85/g87/g76/g70/g68/g79/g3/g70/g82/g81/g71/g88/g70/g87/g82/g85/g3/g87/g75/g85/g82/g88/g74/g75/g3/g68/g3/g75/g82/g85/g76/g93/g82/g81/g87/g68/g79/g3/g83/g76/g72/g70/g72/g3/g82/g73/g3/g70/g68/g85/g71/g69/g82/g68/g85/g71/g17/g3/g60/g82/g88/g3/g70/g68/g81/g3 /g71/g72/g87/g72/g85/g80/g76/g81/g72/g3/g87/g75/g72/g3/g71/g76/g85/g72/g70/g87/g76/g82/g81/g3/g82/g73/g3/g87/g75/g72/g3/g80/g68/g74/g81/g72/g87/g76/g70/g3/g73/g82/g85/g70/g72/g3/g83/g85/g82/g71/g88/g70/g72/g71/g3/g69/g92/g3/g87/g75/g72/g3/g70/g88/g85/g85/g72/g81/g87/g3/g69/g92/g3/g83/g79/g68/g70/g76/g81/g74/g3/g68/g3/g70/g82/g80/g83/g68/g86/g86/g3/g68/g87/g3/g89/g68/g85/g76/g82/g88/g86/g3 /g83/g82/g76/g81/g87/g86/g3/g82/g81/g3/g87/g75/g72/g3/g70/g68/g85/g71/g69/g82/g68/g85/g71/g3/g68/g81/g71/g3/g81/g82/g87/g76/g81/g74/g3/g87/g75/g72/g3/g70/g82/g80/g83/g68/g86/g86/g3/g81/g72/g72/g71/g79/g72/g3/g71/g72/g73/g79/g72/g70/g87/g76/g82/g81/g17/g3/g55/g75/g72/g3/g71/g76/g85/g72/g70/g87/g76/g82/g81/g3/g82/g73/g3/g87/g75/g72/g3/g80/g68/g74/g81/g72/g87/g76/g70/g3/g73/g82/g85/g70/g72/g3/g76/g86/g3 /g68/g86/g86/g88/g80/g72/g71/g3/g87/g82/g3/g69/g72/g3/g87/g75/g72/g3/g71/g76/g85/g72/g70/g87/g76/g82/g81/g3/g76/g81/g3/g90/g75/g76/g70/g75/g3/g87/g75/g72/g3/g81/g82/g85/g87/g75/g3/g83/g82/g79/g72/g3/g82/g73/g3/g87/g75/g72/g3/g70/g82/g80/g83/g68/g86/g86/g3/g83/g82/g76/g81/g87/g86/g17/g3
Figure 1-2.—Magnetic field around a current-carrying conductor.
/g3 /g20/g16/g24/g3 /g3 /g44/g81/g3/g73/g76/g74/g88/g85/g72/g3/g20/g16/g21/g3/g11/g36/g12/g15/g3/g87/g75/g72/g3/g81/g72/g72/g71/g79/g72/g3/g71/g72/g73/g79/g72/g70/g87/g76/g82/g81/g86/g3/g86/g75/g82/g90/g3/g87/g75/g68/g87/g3/g68/g3/g80/g68/g74/g81/g72/g87/g76/g70/g3/g73/g76/g72/g79/g71/g3/g72/g91/g76/g86/g87/g86/g3/g76/g81/g3/g70/g76/g85/g70/g88/g79/g68/g85/g3/g73/g82/g85/g80/g3/g68/g85/g82/g88/g81/g71/g3/g87/g75/g72/g3 /g70/g82/g81/g71/g88/g70/g87/g82/g85/g17/g3/g58/g75/g72/g81/g3/g87/g75/g72/g3/g70/g88/g85/g85/g72/g81/g87/g3/g73/g79/g82/g90/g86/g3/g88/g83/g90/g68/g85/g71/g3/g11/g86/g72/g72/g3/g73/g76/g74/g88/g85/g72/g3/g20/g16/g21/g11/g36/g12/g12/g15/g3/g87/g75/g72/g3/g71/g76/g85/g72/g70/g87/g76/g82/g81/g3/g82/g73/g3/g87/g75/g72/g3/g73/g76/g72/g79/g71/g3/g76/g86/g3/g70/g79/g82/g70/g78/g90/g76/g86/g72/g15/g3/g68/g86/g3 /g89/g76/g72/g90/g72/g71/g3/g73/g85/g82/g80/g3/g87/g75/g72/g3/g87/g82/g83/g17/g3/g43/g82/g90/g72/g89/g72/g85/g15/g3/g76/g73/g3/g92/g82/g88/g3/g85/g72/g89/g72/g85/g86/g72/g3/g87/g75/g72/g3/g83/g82/g79/g68/g85/g76/g87/g92/g3/g82/g73/g3/g87/g75/g72/g3/g69/g68/g87/g87/g72/g85/g92/g3/g86/g82/g3/g87/g75/g68/g87/g3/g87/g75/g72/g3/g70/g88/g85/g85/g72/g81/g87/g3/g73/g79/g82/g90/g86/g3 /g71/g82/g90/g81/g90/g68/g85/g71/g3/g11/g86/g72/g72/g3/g73/g76/g74/g88/g85/g72/g3/g20/g16/g21/g11/g37/g12/g12/g15/g3/g87/g75/g72/g3/g71/g76/g85/g72/g70/g87/g76/g82/g81/g3/g82/g73/g3/g87/g75/g72/g3/g73/g76/g72/g79/g71/g3/g76/g86/g3/g70/g82/g88/g81/g87/g72/g85/g70/g79/g82/g70/g78/g90/g76/g86/g72/g17/g3 /g3 /g55/g75/g72/g3/g85/g72/g79/g68/g87/g76/g82/g81/g3/g69/g72/g87/g90/g72/g72/g81/g3/g87/g75/g72/g3/g71/g76/g85/g72/g70/g87/g76/g82/g81/g3/g82/g73/g3/g87/g75/g72/g3/g80/g68/g74/g81/g72/g87/g76/g70/g3/g79/g76/g81/g72/g86/g3/g82/g73/g3/g73/g82/g85/g70/g72/g3/g68/g85/g82/g88/g81/g71/g3/g68/g3/g70/g82/g81/g71/g88/g70/g87/g82/g85/g3/g68/g81/g71/g3/g87/g75/g72/g3 /g71/g76/g85/g72/g70/g87/g76/g82/g81/g3/g82/g73/g3/g72/g79/g72/g70/g87/g85/g82/g81/g3/g70/g88/g85/g85/g72/g81/g87/g3/g73/g79/g82/g90/g3/g76/g81/g3/g87/g75/g72/g3/g70/g82/g81/g71/g88/g70/g87/g82/g85/g3/g80/g68/g92/g3/g69/g72/g3/g71/g72/g87/g72/g85/g80/g76/g81/g72/g71/g3/g69/g92/g3/g80/g72/g68/g81/g86/g3/g82/g73/g3/g87/g75/g72/g3/g47/g40/g41/g55/g16/g43/g36/g49/g39/g3 /g53/g56/g47/g40/g3/g41/g50/g53/g3/g36/g3/g38/g50/g49/g39/g56/g38/g55/g50/g53/g29/g3/g76/g73/g3/g92/g82/g88/g3/g74/g85/g68/g86/g83/g3/g87/g75/g72/g3/g70/g82/g81/g71/g88/g70/g87/g82/g85/g3/g76/g81/g3/g92/g82/g88/g85/g3/g79/g72/g73/g87/g3/g75/g68/g81/g71/g3/g90/g76/g87/g75/g3/g87/g75/g72/g3/g87/g75/g88/g80/g69/g3/g72/g91/g87/g72/g81/g71/g72/g71/g3/g76/g81/g3 /g87/g75/g72/g3/g71/g76/g85/g72/g70/g87/g76/g82/g81/g3/g82/g73/g3/g87/g75/g72/g3/g72/g79/g72/g70/g87/g85/g82/g81/g3/g73/g79/g82/g90/g3/g11/g70/g88/g85/g85/g72/g81/g87/g12/g3/g11−/g3/g87/g82/g3/g14/g12/g15/g3/g92/g82/g88/g85/g3/g73/g76/g81/g74/g72/g85/g86/g3/g90/g76/g79/g79/g3/g83/g82/g76/g81/g87/g3/g76/g81/g3/g87/g75/g72/g3/g71/g76/g85/g72/g70/g87/g76/g82/g81/g3/g82/g73/g3/g87/g75/g72/g3/g80/g68/g74/g81/g72/g87/g76/g70/g3 /g79/g76/g81/g72/g86/g3/g82/g73/g3/g73/g82/g85/g70/g72/g17/g3/g49/g82/g90/g3/g68/g83/g83/g79/g92/g3/g87/g75/g76/g86/g3/g85/g88/g79/g72/g3/g87/g82/g3/g73/g76/g74/g88/g85/g72/g3/g20/g16/g21/g17/g3/g49/g82/g87/g72/g3/g87/g75/g68/g87/g3/g92/g82/g88/g85/g3/g73/g76/g81/g74/g72/g85/g86/g3/g83/g82/g76/g81/g87/g3/g76/g81/g3/g87/g75/g72/g3/g71/g76/g85/g72/g70/g87/g76/g82/g81/g3/g87/g75/g68/g87/g3/g87/g75/g72/g3/g81/g82/g85/g87/g75/g3 /g83/g82/g79/g72/g3/g82/g73/g3/g87/g75/g72/g3/g70/g82/g80/g83/g68/g86/g86/g3/g83/g82/g76/g81/g87/g86/g3/g90/g75/g72/g81/g3/g76/g87/g3/g76/g86/g3/g83/g79/g68/g70/g72/g71/g3/g76/g81/g3/g87/g75/g72/g3/g80/g68/g74/g81/g72/g87/g76/g70/g3/g73/g76/g72/g79/g71/g3/g86/g88/g85/g85/g82/g88/g81/g71/g76/g81/g74/g3/g87/g75/g72/g3/g90/g76/g85/g72/g17/g3 /g3 /g36/g81/g3/g68/g85/g85/g82/g90/g3/g76/g86/g3/g74/g72/g81/g72/g85/g68/g79/g79/g92/g3/g88/g86/g72/g71/g3/g76/g81/g3/g72/g79/g72/g70/g87/g85/g76/g70/g68/g79/g3/g71/g76/g68/g74/g85/g68/g80/g86/g3/g87/g82/g3/g71/g72/g81/g82/g87/g72/g3/g87/g75/g72/g3/g71/g76/g85/g72/g70/g87/g76/g82/g81/g3/g82/g73/g3/g70/g88/g85/g85/g72/g81/g87/g3/g76/g81/g3/g68/g3/g79/g72/g81/g74/g87/g75/g3/g82/g73/g3 /g90/g76/g85/g72/g3/g11/g86/g72/g72/g3/g73/g76/g74/g88/g85/g72/g3/g20/g16/g22/g11/g36/g12/g12/g17/g3/g58/g75/g72/g85/g72/g3/g68/g3/g70/g85/g82/g86/g86/g3/g86/g72/g70/g87/g76/g82/g81/g3/g82/g73/g3/g68/g3/g90/g76/g85/g72/g3/g76/g86/g3/g86/g75/g82/g90/g81/g15/g3/g68/g81/g3/g72/g81/g71/g3/g89/g76/g72/g90/g3/g82/g73/g3/g87/g75/g72/g3/g68/g85/g85/g82/g90/g3/g76/g86/g3/g88/g86/g72/g71/g17/g3/g36/g3 /g70/g85/g82/g86/g86/g16/g86/g72/g70/g87/g76/g82/g81/g68/g79/g3/g89/g76/g72/g90/g3/g82/g73/g3/g68/g3/g70/g82/g81/g71/g88/g70/g87/g82/g85/g3/g87/g75/g68/g87/g3/g76/g86/g3/g70/g68/g85/g85/g92/g76/g81/g74/g3/g70/g88/g85/g85/g72/g81/g87/g3/g87/g82/g90/g68/g85/g71/g3/g87/g75/g72/g3/g82/g69/g86/g72/g85/g89/g72/g85/g3/g76/g86/g3/g76/g79/g79/g88/g86/g87/g85/g68/g87/g72/g71/g3/g76/g81/g3/g73/g76/g74/g88/g85/g72/g3 /g20/g16/g22/g11/g37/g12/g17/g3/g49/g82/g87/g76/g70/g72/g3/g87/g75/g68/g87/g3/g87/g75/g72/g3/g71/g76/g85/g72/g70/g87/g76/g82/g81/g3/g82/g73/g3/g70/g88/g85/g85/g72/g81/g87/g3/g76/g86/g3/g76/g81/g71/g76/g70/g68/g87/g72/g71/g3/g69/g92/g3/g68/g3/g71/g82/g87/g15/g3/g85/g72/g83/g85/g72/g86/g72/g81/g87/g76/g81/g74/g3/g87/g75/g72/g3/g75/g72/g68/g71/g3/g82/g73/g3/g87/g75/g72/g3/g68/g85/g85/g82/g90/g17/g3/g36/g3 /g70/g82/g81/g71/g88/g70/g87/g82/g85/g3/g87/g75/g68/g87/g3/g76/g86/g3/g70/g68/g85/g85/g92/g76/g81/g74/g3/g70/g88/g85/g85/g72/g81/g87/g3/g68/g90/g68/g92/g3/g73/g85/g82/g80/g3/g87/g75/g72/g3/g82/g69/g86/g72/g85/g89/g72/g85/g3/g76/g86/g3/g76/g79/g79/g88/g86/g87/g85/g68/g87/g72/g71/g3/g76/g81/g3/g73/g76/g74/g88/g85/g72/g3/g20/g16/g22/g11/g38/g12/g17/g3/g49/g82/g87/g72/g3/g87/g75/g68/g87/g3/g87/g75/g72/g3 /g71/g76/g85/g72/g70/g87/g76/g82/g81/g3/g82/g73/g3/g70/g88/g85/g85/g72/g81/g87/g3/g76/g86/g3/g76/g81/g71/g76/g70/g68/g87/g72/g71/g3/g69/g92/g3/g68/g3/g70/g85/g82/g86/g86/g15/g3/g85/g72/g83/g85/g72/g86/g72/g81/g87/g76/g81/g74/g3/g87/g75/g72/g3/g87/g68/g76/g79/g3/g82/g73/g3/g87/g75/g72/g3/g68/g85/g85/g82/g90/g17/g3/g36/g79/g86/g82/g3/g81/g82/g87/g72/g3/g87/g75/g68/g87/g3/g87/g75/g72/g3/g80/g68/g74/g81/g72/g87/g76/g70/g3 /g73/g76/g72/g79/g71/g3/g68/g85/g82/g88/g81/g71/g3/g68/g3/g70/g88/g85/g85/g72/g81/g87/g16/g70/g68/g85/g85/g92/g76/g81/g74/g3/g70/g82/g81/g71/g88/g70/g87/g82/g85/g3/g76/g86/g3/g83/g72/g85/g83/g72/g81/g71/g76/g70/g88/g79/g68/g85/g3/g87/g82/g3/g87/g75/g72/g3/g70/g82/g81/g71/g88/g70/g87/g82/g85/g15/g3/g68/g81/g71/g3/g87/g75/g68/g87/g3/g87/g75/g72/g3/g80/g68/g74/g81/g72/g87/g76/g70/g3/g79/g76/g81/g72/g86/g3/g82/g73/g3 /g73/g82/g85/g70/g72/g3/g68/g85/g72/g3/g72/g84/g88/g68/g79/g3/g68/g79/g82/g81/g74/g3/g68/g79/g79/g3/g83/g68/g85/g87/g86/g3/g82/g73/g3/g87/g75/g72/g3/g70/g82/g81/g71/g88/g70/g87/g82/g85/g17/g3
/g3 /g20/g16/g25/g3
Figure 1-3.—Magnetic field around a current-carrying conductor, detailed view. /g3 /g58/g75/g72/g81/g3/g87/g90/g82/g3/g68/g71/g77/g68/g70/g72/g81/g87/g3/g83/g68/g85/g68/g79/g79/g72/g79/g3/g70/g82/g81/g71/g88/g70/g87/g82/g85/g86/g3/g68/g85/g72/g3/g70/g68/g85/g85/g92/g76/g81/g74/g3/g70/g88/g85/g85/g72/g81/g87/g3/g76/g81/g3/g87/g75/g72/g3/g86/g68/g80/g72/g3/g71/g76/g85/g72/g70/g87/g76/g82/g81/g15/g3/g87/g75/g72/g3/g80/g68/g74/g81/g72/g87/g76/g70/g3/g79/g76/g81/g72/g86/g3 /g82/g73/g3/g73/g82/g85/g70/g72/g3/g70/g82/g80/g69/g76/g81/g72/g3/g68/g81/g71/g3/g76/g81/g70/g85/g72/g68/g86/g72/g3/g87/g75/g72/g3/g86/g87/g85/g72/g81/g74/g87/g75/g3/g82/g73/g3/g87/g75/g72/g3/g73/g76/g72/g79/g71/g3/g68/g85/g82/g88/g81/g71/g3/g87/g75/g72/g3/g70/g82/g81/g71/g88/g70/g87/g82/g85/g86/g15/g3/g68/g86/g3/g86/g75/g82/g90/g81/g3/g76/g81/g3/g73/g76/g74/g88/g85/g72/g3/g20/g16/g23/g11/g36/g12/g17/g3 /g55/g90/g82/g3/g83/g68/g85/g68/g79/g79/g72/g79/g3/g70/g82/g81/g71/g88/g70/g87/g82/g85/g86/g3/g70/g68/g85/g85/g92/g76/g81/g74/g3/g70/g88/g85/g85/g72/g81/g87/g86/g3/g76/g81/g3/g82/g83/g83/g82/g86/g76/g87/g72/g3/g71/g76/g85/g72/g70/g87/g76/g82/g81/g86/g3/g68/g85/g72/g3/g86/g75/g82/g90/g81/g3/g76/g81/g3/g73/g76/g74/g88/g85/g72/g3/g20/g16/g23/g11/g37/g12/g17/g3/g49/g82/g87/g72/g3/g87/g75/g68/g87/g3/g87/g75/g72/g3 /g73/g76/g72/g79/g71/g3/g68/g85/g82/g88/g81/g71/g3/g82/g81/g72/g3/g70/g82/g81/g71/g88/g70/g87/g82/g85/g3/g76/g86/g3/g82/g83/g83/g82/g86/g76/g87/g72/g3/g76/g81/g3/g71/g76/g85/g72/g70/g87/g76/g82/g81/g3/g87/g82/g3/g87/g75/g72/g3/g73/g76/g72/g79/g71/g3/g68/g85/g82/g88/g81/g71/g3/g87/g75/g72/g3/g82/g87/g75/g72/g85/g3/g70/g82/g81/g71/g88/g70/g87/g82/g85/g17/g3/g55/g75/g72/g3/g85/g72/g86/g88/g79/g87/g76/g81/g74/g3 /g79/g76/g81/g72/g86/g3/g82/g73/g3/g73/g82/g85/g70/g72/g3/g82/g83/g83/g82/g86/g72/g3/g72/g68/g70/g75/g3/g82/g87/g75/g72/g85/g3/g76/g81/g3/g87/g75/g72/g3/g86/g83/g68/g70/g72/g3/g69/g72/g87/g90/g72/g72/g81/g3/g87/g75/g72/g3/g90/g76/g85/g72/g86/g15/g3/g87/g75/g88/g86/g3/g71/g72/g73/g82/g85/g80/g76/g81/g74/g3/g87/g75/g72/g3/g73/g76/g72/g79/g71/g3/g68/g85/g82/g88/g81/g71/g3/g72/g68/g70/g75/g3 /g70/g82/g81/g71/g88/g70/g87/g82/g85/g17/g3/g55/g75/g76/g86/g3/g80/g72/g68/g81/g86/g3/g87/g75/g68/g87/g3/g76/g73/g3/g87/g90/g82/g3/g83/g68/g85/g68/g79/g79/g72/g79/g3/g68/g81/g71/g3/g68/g71/g77/g68/g70/g72/g81/g87/g3/g70/g82/g81/g71/g88/g70/g87/g82/g85/g86/g3/g68/g85/g72/g3/g70/g68/g85/g85/g92/g76/g81/g74/g3/g70/g88/g85/g85/g72/g81/g87/g86/g3/g76/g81/g3/g87/g75/g72/g3/g86/g68/g80/g72/g3 /g71/g76/g85/g72/g70/g87/g76/g82/g81/g15/g3/g87/g75/g72/g3/g73/g76/g72/g79/g71/g86/g3/g68/g69/g82/g88/g87/g3/g87/g75/g72/g3/g87/g90/g82/g3/g70/g82/g81/g71/g88/g70/g87/g82/g85/g86/g3/g68/g76/g71/g3/g72/g68/g70/g75/g3/g82/g87/g75/g72/g85/g17/g3/g38/g82/g81/g89/g72/g85/g86/g72/g79/g92/g15/g3/g76/g73/g3/g87/g75/g72/g3/g87/g90/g82/g3/g70/g82/g81/g71/g88/g70/g87/g82/g85/g86/g3/g68/g85/g72/g3 /g70/g68/g85/g85/g92/g76/g81/g74/g3/g70/g88/g85/g85/g72/g81/g87/g86/g3/g76/g81/g3/g82/g83/g83/g82/g86/g76/g87/g72/g3/g71/g76/g85/g72/g70/g87/g76/g82/g81/g86/g15/g3/g87/g75/g72/g3/g73/g76/g72/g79/g71/g86/g3/g68/g69/g82/g88/g87/g3/g87/g75/g72/g3/g70/g82/g81/g71/g88/g70/g87/g82/g85/g86/g3/g85/g72/g83/g72/g79/g3/g72/g68/g70/g75/g3/g82/g87/g75/g72/g85/g17/g3
/g3 /g20/g16/g26/g3
Figure 1-4.—Magnetic field around two parallel conductors. Q6. When placed in the vicinity of a current-carrying conductor, the needle of a compass becomes aligned at what angle to the conductor? Q7. What is the direction of the magnetic field around a vertical conductor when (a) the current flows upward and (b) the current flows downward. Q8. The "left-hand rule" for a conductor is used for what purpose Q9. In what direction will the compass needle point when the compass is placed in the magnetic field surrounding a wire? Q10. When two adjacent parallel wires carry current in the same direction, the magnetic field about one wire has what effect on the magnetic field about the other conductor? Q11.When two adjacent parallel conductors carry current in opposite directions, the magnetic field about one conductor has what effect on the magnetic field about the other conductor? MAGNETIC FIELD OF A COIL /g3 /g41/g76/g74/g88/g85/g72/g3/g20/g16/g22/g11/g36/g12/g3/g76/g79/g79/g88/g86/g87/g85/g68/g87/g72/g86/g3/g87/g75/g68/g87/g3/g87/g75/g72/g3/g80/g68/g74/g81/g72/g87/g76/g70/g3/g73/g76/g72/g79/g71/g3/g68/g85/g82/g88/g81/g71/g3/g68/g3/g70/g88/g85/g85/g72/g81/g87/g16/g70/g68/g85/g85/g92/g76/g81/g74/g3/g90/g76/g85/g72/g3/g72/g91/g76/g86/g87/g86/g3/g68/g87/g3/g68/g79/g79/g3/g83/g82/g76/g81/g87/g86/g3 /g68/g79/g82/g81/g74/g3/g87/g75/g72/g3/g90/g76/g85/g72/g17/g3/g41/g76/g74/g88/g85/g72/g3/g20/g16/g24/g3/g76/g79/g79/g88/g86/g87/g85/g68/g87/g72/g86/g3/g87/g75/g68/g87/g3/g90/g75/g72/g81/g3/g68/g3/g86/g87/g85/g68/g76/g74/g75/g87/g3/g90/g76/g85/g72/g3/g76/g86/g3/g90/g82/g88/g81/g71/g3/g68/g85/g82/g88/g81/g71/g3/g68/g3/g70/g82/g85/g72/g15/g3/g76/g87/g3/g73/g82/g85/g80/g86/g3/g68/g3/g70/g82/g76/g79/g3/g68/g81/g71/g3 /g87/g75/g68/g87/g3/g87/g75/g72/g3/g80/g68/g74/g81/g72/g87/g76/g70/g3/g73/g76/g72/g79/g71/g3/g68/g69/g82/g88/g87/g3/g87/g75/g72/g3/g70/g82/g85/g72/g3/g68/g86/g86/g88/g80/g72/g86/g3/g68/g3/g71/g76/g73/g73/g72/g85/g72/g81/g87/g3/g86/g75/g68/g83/g72/g17/g3/g41/g76/g74/g88/g85/g72/g3/g20/g16/g24/g11/g36/g12/g3/g76/g86/g3/g68/g70/g87/g88/g68/g79/g79/g92/g3/g68/g3/g83/g68/g85/g87/g76/g68/g79/g3 /g70/g88/g87/g68/g90/g68/g92/g3/g89/g76/g72/g90/g3/g86/g75/g82/g90/g76/g81/g74/g3/g87/g75/g72/g3/g70/g82/g81/g86/g87/g85/g88/g70/g87/g76/g82/g81/g3/g82/g73/g3/g68/g3/g86/g76/g80/g83/g79/g72/g3/g70/g82/g76/g79/g17/g3/g41/g76/g74/g88/g85/g72/g3/g20/g16/g24/g11/g37/g12/g3/g86/g75/g82/g90/g86/g3/g68/g3/g70/g85/g82/g86/g86/g16/g86/g72/g70/g87/g76/g82/g81/g68/g79/g3/g89/g76/g72/g90/g3/g82/g73/g3 /g87/g75/g72/g3/g86/g68/g80/g72/g3/g70/g82/g76/g79/g17/g3/g49/g82/g87/g76/g70/g72/g3/g87/g75/g68/g87/g3/g87/g75/g72/g3/g87/g90/g82/g3/g72/g81/g71/g86/g3/g82/g73/g3/g87/g75/g72/g3/g70/g82/g76/g79/g3/g68/g85/g72/g3/g76/g71/g72/g81/g87/g76/g73/g76/g72/g71/g3/g68/g86/g3/g59/g3/g68/g81/g71/g3/g60/g17/g3
/g3 /g20/g16/g27/g3
Figure 1-5.—Magnetic field produced by a current-carrying coil. /g3 /g58/g75/g72/g81/g3/g70/g88/g85/g85/g72/g81/g87/g3/g76/g86/g3/g83/g68/g86/g86/g72/g71/g3/g87/g75/g85/g82/g88/g74/g75/g3/g87/g75/g72/g3/g70/g82/g76/g79/g15/g3/g87/g75/g72/g3/g80/g68/g74/g81/g72/g87/g76/g70/g3/g73/g76/g72/g79/g71/g3/g68/g69/g82/g88/g87/g3/g72/g68/g70/g75/g3/g87/g88/g85/g81/g3/g82/g73/g3/g90/g76/g85/g72/g3/g79/g76/g81/g78/g86/g3/g90/g76/g87/g75/g3/g87/g75/g72/g3 /g73/g76/g72/g79/g71/g86/g3/g82/g73/g3/g87/g75/g72/g3/g68/g71/g77/g68/g70/g72/g81/g87/g3/g87/g88/g85/g81/g86/g17/g3/g11/g54/g72/g72/g3/g73/g76/g74/g88/g85/g72/g3/g20/g16/g23/g11/g36/g12/g12/g17/g3/g55/g75/g72/g3/g70/g82/g80/g69/g76/g81/g72/g71/g3/g76/g81/g73/g79/g88/g72/g81/g70/g72/g3/g82/g73/g3/g68/g79/g79/g3/g87/g75/g72/g3/g87/g88/g85/g81/g86/g3/g83/g85/g82/g71/g88/g70/g72/g86/g3/g68/g3/g87/g90/g82/g16 /g83/g82/g79/g72/g3/g73/g76/g72/g79/g71/g3/g86/g76/g80/g76/g79/g68/g85/g3/g87/g82/g3/g87/g75/g68/g87/g3/g82/g73/g3/g68/g3/g86/g76/g80/g83/g79/g72/g3/g69/g68/g85/g3/g80/g68/g74/g81/g72/g87/g17/g3/g50/g81/g72/g3/g72/g81/g71/g3/g82/g73/g3/g87/g75/g72/g3/g70/g82/g76/g79/g3/g76/g86/g3/g68/g3/g81/g82/g85/g87/g75/g3/g83/g82/g79/g72/g3/g68/g81/g71/g3/g87/g75/g72/g3/g82/g87/g75/g72/g85/g3/g72/g81/g71/g3/g76/g86/g3/g68/g3 /g86/g82/g88/g87/g75/g3/g83/g82/g79/g72/g17/g3 Polarity of an Electromagnetic Coil /g3 /g41/g76/g74/g88/g85/g72/g3/g20/g16/g21/g3/g86/g75/g82/g90/g86/g3/g87/g75/g68/g87/g3/g87/g75/g72/g3/g71/g76/g85/g72/g70/g87/g76/g82/g81/g3/g82/g73/g3/g87/g75/g72/g3/g80/g68/g74/g81/g72/g87/g76/g70/g3/g73/g76/g72/g79/g71/g3/g68/g85/g82/g88/g81/g71/g3/g68/g3/g86/g87/g85/g68/g76/g74/g75/g87/g3/g90/g76/g85/g72/g3/g71/g72/g83/g72/g81/g71/g86/g3/g82/g81/g3/g87/g75/g72/g3 /g71/g76/g85/g72/g70/g87/g76/g82/g81/g3/g82/g73/g3/g70/g88/g85/g85/g72/g81/g87/g3/g76/g81/g3/g87/g75/g68/g87/g3/g90/g76/g85/g72/g17/g3/g55/g75/g88/g86/g15/g3/g68/g3/g85/g72/g89/g72/g85/g86/g68/g79/g3/g82/g73/g3/g70/g88/g85/g85/g72/g81/g87/g3/g76/g81/g3/g68/g3/g90/g76/g85/g72/g3/g70/g68/g88/g86/g72/g86/g3/g68/g3/g85/g72/g89/g72/g85/g86/g68/g79/g3/g76/g81/g3/g87/g75/g72/g3/g71/g76/g85/g72/g70/g87/g76/g82/g81/g3/g82/g73/g3 /g87/g75/g72/g3/g80/g68/g74/g81/g72/g87/g76/g70/g3/g73/g76/g72/g79/g71/g3/g87/g75/g68/g87/g3/g76/g86/g3/g83/g85/g82/g71/g88/g70/g72/g71/g17/g3/g44/g87/g3/g73/g82/g79/g79/g82/g90/g86/g3/g87/g75/g68/g87/g3/g68/g3/g85/g72/g89/g72/g85/g86/g68/g79/g3/g82/g73/g3/g87/g75/g72/g3/g70/g88/g85/g85/g72/g81/g87/g3/g76/g81/g3/g68/g3/g70/g82/g76/g79/g3/g68/g79/g86/g82/g3/g70/g68/g88/g86/g72/g86/g3/g68/g3/g85/g72/g89/g72/g85/g86/g68/g79/g3 /g82/g73/g3/g87/g75/g72/g3/g87/g90/g82/g16/g83/g82/g79/g72/g3/g80/g68/g74/g81/g72/g87/g76/g70/g3/g73/g76/g72/g79/g71/g3/g68/g69/g82/g88/g87/g3/g87/g75/g72/g3/g70/g82/g76/g79/g17/g3 /g3 /g58/g75/g72/g81/g3/g87/g75/g72/g3/g71/g76/g85/g72/g70/g87/g76/g82/g81/g3/g82/g73/g3/g87/g75/g72/g3/g70/g88/g85/g85/g72/g81/g87/g3/g76/g81/g3/g68/g3/g70/g82/g76/g79/g3/g76/g86/g3/g78/g81/g82/g90/g81/g15/g3/g92/g82/g88/g3/g70/g68/g81/g3/g71/g72/g87/g72/g85/g80/g76/g81/g72/g3/g87/g75/g72/g3/g80/g68/g74/g81/g72/g87/g76/g70/g3/g83/g82/g79/g68/g85/g76/g87/g92/g3/g82/g73/g3/g87/g75/g72/g3 /g70/g82/g76/g79/g3/g69/g92/g3/g88/g86/g76/g81/g74/g3/g87/g75/g72/g3/g47/g40/g41/g55/g16/g43/g36/g49/g39/g3/g53/g56/g47/g40/g3/g41/g50/g53/g3/g38/g50/g44/g47/g54/g17/g3/g55/g75/g76/g86/g3/g85/g88/g79/g72/g15/g3/g76/g79/g79/g88/g86/g87/g85/g68/g87/g72/g71/g3/g76/g81/g3/g73/g76/g74/g88/g85/g72/g3/g20/g16/g25/g15/g3/g76/g86/g3/g86/g87/g68/g87/g72/g71/g3/g68/g86/g3 /g73/g82/g79/g79/g82/g90/g86/g29/g3
Figure 1-6.—Left-hand rule for coils. /g3 /g42/g85/g68/g86/g83/g3/g87/g75/g72/g3/g70/g82/g76/g79/g3/g76/g81/g3/g92/g82/g88/g85/g3/g79/g72/g73/g87/g3/g75/g68/g81/g71/g15/g3/g90/g76/g87/g75/g3/g92/g82/g88/g85/g3/g73/g76/g81/g74/g72/g85/g86/g3/g5/g90/g85/g68/g83/g83/g72/g71/g3/g68/g85/g82/g88/g81/g71/g5/g3/g76/g81/g3/g87/g75/g72/g3/g71/g76/g85/g72/g70/g87/g76/g82/g81/g3/g82/g73/g3/g87/g75/g72/g3/g72/g79/g72/g70/g87/g85/g82/g81/g3 /g70/g88/g85/g85/g72/g81/g87/g3/g73/g79/g82/g90/g17/g3/g60/g82/g88/g85/g3/g87/g75/g88/g80/g69/g3/g90/g76/g79/g79/g3/g87/g75/g72/g81/g3/g83/g82/g76/g81/g87/g3/g87/g82/g90/g68/g85/g71/g3/g87/g75/g72/g3/g81/g82/g85/g87/g75/g3/g83/g82/g79/g72/g3/g82/g73/g3/g87/g75/g72/g3/g70/g82/g76/g79/g17/g3
/g3 /g20/g16/g28/g3 Strength of an Electromagnetic Field /g3 /g55/g75/g72/g3/g86/g87/g85/g72/g81/g74/g87/g75/g3/g82/g85/g3/g76/g81/g87/g72/g81/g86/g76/g87/g92/g3/g82/g73/g3/g68/g3/g70/g82/g76/g79/g10/g86/g3/g80/g68/g74/g81/g72/g87/g76/g70/g3/g73/g76/g72/g79/g71/g3/g71/g72/g83/g72/g81/g71/g86/g3/g82/g81/g3/g68/g3/g81/g88/g80/g69/g72/g85/g3/g82/g73/g3/g73/g68/g70/g87/g82/g85/g86/g17/g3/g55/g75/g72/g3/g80/g68/g76/g81/g3/g82/g81/g72/g86/g3 /g68/g85/g72/g3/g79/g76/g86/g87/g72/g71/g3/g69/g72/g79/g82/g90/g3/g68/g81/g71/g3/g90/g76/g79/g79/g3/g69/g72/g3/g71/g76/g86/g70/g88/g86/g86/g72/g71/g3/g68/g74/g68/g76/g81/g3/g79/g68/g87/g72/g85/g17/g3 • /g55/g75/g72/g3/g81/g88/g80/g69/g72/g85/g3/g82/g73/g3/g87/g88/g85/g81/g86/g3/g82/g73/g3/g90/g76/g85/g72/g3/g76/g81/g3/g87/g75/g72/g3/g70/g82/g76/g79/g17/g3 • /g55/g75/g72/g3/g68/g80/g82/g88/g81/g87/g3/g82/g73/g3/g70/g88/g85/g85/g72/g81/g87/g3/g73/g79/g82/g90/g76/g81/g74/g3/g76/g81/g3/g87/g75/g72/g3/g70/g82/g76/g79/g17/g3 • /g55/g75/g72/g3/g85/g68/g87/g76/g82/g3/g82/g73/g3/g87/g75/g72/g3/g70/g82/g76/g79/g3/g79/g72/g81/g74/g87/g75/g3/g87/g82/g3/g87/g75/g72/g3/g70/g82/g76/g79/g3/g90/g76/g71/g87/g75/g17/g3 • /g55/g75/g72/g3/g87/g92/g83/g72/g3/g82/g73/g3/g80/g68/g87/g72/g85/g76/g68/g79/g3/g76/g81/g3/g87/g75/g72/g3/g70/g82/g85/g72/g17/g3 Losses in an Electromagnetic Field /g3 /g58/g75/g72/g81/g3/g70/g88/g85/g85/g72/g81/g87/g3/g73/g79/g82/g90/g86/g3/g76/g81/g3/g68/g3/g70/g82/g81/g71/g88/g70/g87/g82/g85/g15/g3/g87/g75/g72/g3/g68/g87/g82/g80/g86/g3/g76/g81/g3/g87/g75/g72/g3/g70/g82/g81/g71/g88/g70/g87/g82/g85/g3/g68/g79/g79/g3/g79/g76/g81/g72/g3/g88/g83/g3/g76/g81/g3/g68/g3/g71/g72/g73/g76/g81/g76/g87/g72/g3/g71/g76/g85/g72/g70/g87/g76/g82/g81/g15/g3 /g83/g85/g82/g71/g88/g70/g76/g81/g74/g3/g68/g3/g80/g68/g74/g81/g72/g87/g76/g70/g3/g73/g76/g72/g79/g71/g17/g3/g58/g75/g72/g81/g3/g87/g75/g72/g3/g71/g76/g85/g72/g70/g87/g76/g82/g81/g3/g82/g73/g3/g87/g75/g72/g3/g70/g88/g85/g85/g72/g81/g87/g3/g70/g75/g68/g81/g74/g72/g86/g15/g3/g87/g75/g72/g3/g71/g76/g85/g72/g70/g87/g76/g82/g81/g3/g82/g73/g3/g87/g75/g72/g3/g68/g87/g82/g80/g86/g10/g3 /g68/g79/g76/g74/g81/g80/g72/g81/g87/g3/g68/g79/g86/g82/g3/g70/g75/g68/g81/g74/g72/g86/g15/g3/g70/g68/g88/g86/g76/g81/g74/g3/g87/g75/g72/g3/g80/g68/g74/g81/g72/g87/g76/g70/g3/g73/g76/g72/g79/g71/g3/g87/g82/g3/g70/g75/g68/g81/g74/g72/g3/g71/g76/g85/g72/g70/g87/g76/g82/g81/g17/g3/g55/g82/g3/g85/g72/g89/g72/g85/g86/g72/g3/g68/g79/g79/g3/g87/g75/g72/g3/g68/g87/g82/g80/g86/g3/g85/g72/g84/g88/g76/g85/g72/g86/g3 /g87/g75/g68/g87/g3/g83/g82/g90/g72/g85/g3/g69/g72/g3/g72/g91/g83/g72/g81/g71/g72/g71/g15/g3/g68/g81/g71/g3/g87/g75/g76/g86/g3/g83/g82/g90/g72/g85/g3/g76/g86/g3/g79/g82/g86/g87/g17/g3/g55/g75/g76/g86/g3/g79/g82/g86/g86/g3/g82/g73/g3/g83/g82/g90/g72/g85/g3/g11/g76/g81/g3/g87/g75/g72/g3/g73/g82/g85/g80/g3/g82/g73/g3/g75/g72/g68/g87/g12/g3/g76/g86/g3/g70/g68/g79/g79/g72/g71/g3 /g43/g60/g54/g55/g40/g53/g40/g54/g44/g54/g3/g47/g50/g54/g54/g17/g3/g43/g92/g86/g87/g72/g85/g72/g86/g76/g86/g3/g79/g82/g86/g86/g3/g76/g86/g3/g70/g82/g80/g80/g82/g81/g3/g87/g82/g3/g68/g79/g79/g3/g68/g70/g3/g72/g84/g88/g76/g83/g80/g72/g81/g87/g30/g3/g75/g82/g90/g72/g89/g72/g85/g15/g3/g76/g87/g3/g70/g68/g88/g86/g72/g86/g3/g73/g72/g90/g3/g83/g85/g82/g69/g79/g72/g80/g86/g3 /g72/g91/g70/g72/g83/g87/g3/g76/g81/g3/g80/g82/g87/g82/g85/g86/g15/g3/g74/g72/g81/g72/g85/g68/g87/g82/g85/g86/g15/g3/g68/g81/g71/g3/g87/g85/g68/g81/g86/g73/g82/g85/g80/g72/g85/g86/g17/g3/g58/g75/g72/g81/g3/g87/g75/g72/g86/g72/g3/g71/g72/g89/g76/g70/g72/g86/g3/g68/g85/g72/g3/g71/g76/g86/g70/g88/g86/g86/g72/g71/g3/g79/g68/g87/g72/g85/g3/g76/g81/g3/g87/g75/g76/g86/g3/g80/g82/g71/g88/g79/g72/g15/g3 /g75/g92/g86/g87/g72/g85/g72/g86/g76/g86/g3/g79/g82/g86/g86/g3/g90/g76/g79/g79/g3/g69/g72/g3/g70/g82/g89/g72/g85/g72/g71/g3/g76/g81/g3/g80/g82/g85/g72/g3/g71/g72/g87/g68/g76/g79/g17/g3 Q12. What is the shape of the magnetic field that exists around (a) a straight conductor and (b) a coil? Q13. What happens to the two-pole field of a coil when the current through the coil is reversed? Q14. What rule is used to determine the polarity of a coil when the direction of the electron current flow in the coil is known? Q15. State the rule whose purpose is described in Q14.
BASIC AC GENERATION /g3 /g41/g85/g82/g80/g3/g87/g75/g72/g3/g83/g85/g72/g89/g76/g82/g88/g86/g3/g71/g76/g86/g70/g88/g86/g86/g76/g82/g81/g3/g92/g82/g88/g3/g79/g72/g68/g85/g81/g72/g71/g3/g87/g75/g68/g87/g3/g68/g3/g70/g88/g85/g85/g72/g81/g87/g16/g70/g68/g85/g85/g92/g76/g81/g74/g3/g70/g82/g81/g71/g88/g70/g87/g82/g85/g3/g83/g85/g82/g71/g88/g70/g72/g86/g3/g68/g3/g80/g68/g74/g81/g72/g87/g76/g70/g3 /g73/g76/g72/g79/g71/g3/g68/g85/g82/g88/g81/g71/g3/g76/g87/g86/g72/g79/g73/g17/g3/g44/g81/g3/g80/g82/g71/g88/g79/g72/g3/g20/g15/g3/g88/g81/g71/g72/g85/g3/g83/g85/g82/g71/g88/g70/g76/g81/g74/g3/g68/g3/g89/g82/g79/g87/g68/g74/g72/g3/g11/g72/g80/g73/g12/g3/g88/g86/g76/g81/g74/g3/g80/g68/g74/g81/g72/g87/g76/g86/g80/g15/g3/g92/g82/g88/g3/g79/g72/g68/g85/g81/g72/g71/g3/g75/g82/g90/g3/g68/g3 /g70/g75/g68/g81/g74/g76/g81/g74/g3/g80/g68/g74/g81/g72/g87/g76/g70/g3/g73/g76/g72/g79/g71/g3/g83/g85/g82/g71/g88/g70/g72/g86/g3/g68/g81/g3/g72/g80/g73/g3/g76/g81/g3/g68/g3/g70/g82/g81/g71/g88/g70/g87/g82/g85/g17/g3/g55/g75/g68/g87/g3/g76/g86/g15/g3/g76/g73/g3/g68/g3/g70/g82/g81/g71/g88/g70/g87/g82/g85/g3/g76/g86/g3/g83/g79/g68/g70/g72/g71/g3/g76/g81/g3/g68/g3/g80/g68/g74/g81/g72/g87/g76/g70/g3 /g73/g76/g72/g79/g71/g15/g3/g68/g81/g71/g3/g72/g76/g87/g75/g72/g85/g3/g87/g75/g72/g3/g73/g76/g72/g79/g71/g3/g82/g85/g3/g87/g75/g72/g3/g70/g82/g81/g71/g88/g70/g87/g82/g85/g3/g80/g82/g89/g72/g86/g15/g3/g68/g81/g3/g72/g80/g73/g3/g76/g86/g3/g76/g81/g71/g88/g70/g72/g71/g3/g76/g81/g3/g87/g75/g72/g3/g70/g82/g81/g71/g88/g70/g87/g82/g85/g17/g3/g55/g75/g76/g86/g3/g72/g73/g73/g72/g70/g87/g3/g76/g86/g3/g70/g68/g79/g79/g72/g71/g3 /g72/g79/g72/g70/g87/g85/g82/g80/g68/g74/g81/g72/g87/g76/g70/g3/g76/g81/g71/g88/g70/g87/g76/g82/g81/g17/g3 CYCLE /g3 /g41/g76/g74/g88/g85/g72/g86/g3/g20/g16/g26/g3/g68/g81/g71/g3/g20/g16/g27/g3/g86/g75/g82/g90/g3/g68/g3/g86/g88/g86/g83/g72/g81/g71/g72/g71/g3/g79/g82/g82/g83/g3/g82/g73/g3/g90/g76/g85/g72/g3/g11/g70/g82/g81/g71/g88/g70/g87/g82/g85/g12/g3/g69/g72/g76/g81/g74/g3/g85/g82/g87/g68/g87/g72/g71/g3/g11/g80/g82/g89/g72/g71/g12/g3/g76/g81/g3/g68/g3/g70/g79/g82/g70/g78/g90/g76/g86/g72/g3 /g71/g76/g85/g72/g70/g87/g76/g82/g81/g3/g87/g75/g85/g82/g88/g74/g75/g3/g87/g75/g72/g3/g80/g68/g74/g81/g72/g87/g76/g70/g3/g73/g76/g72/g79/g71/g3/g69/g72/g87/g90/g72/g72/g81/g3/g87/g75/g72/g3/g83/g82/g79/g72/g86/g3/g82/g73/g3/g68/g3/g83/g72/g85/g80/g68/g81/g72/g81/g87/g3/g80/g68/g74/g81/g72/g87/g17/g3/g41/g82/g85/g3/g72/g68/g86/g72/g3/g82/g73/g3/g72/g91/g83/g79/g68/g81/g68/g87/g76/g82/g81/g15/g3 /g87/g75/g72/g3/g79/g82/g82/g83/g3/g75/g68/g86/g3/g69/g72/g72/g81/g3/g71/g76/g89/g76/g71/g72/g71/g3/g76/g81/g87/g82/g3/g68/g3/g71/g68/g85/g78/g3/g75/g68/g79/g73/g3/g68/g81/g71/g3/g79/g76/g74/g75/g87/g3/g75/g68/g79/g73/g17/g3/g49/g82/g87/g76/g70/g72/g3/g76/g81/g3/g11/g36/g12/g3/g82/g73/g3/g87/g75/g72/g3/g73/g76/g74/g88/g85/g72/g3/g87/g75/g68/g87/g3/g87/g75/g72/g3/g71/g68/g85/g78/g3/g75/g68/g79/g73/g3/g76/g86/g3 /g80/g82/g89/g76/g81/g74/g3/g68/g79/g82/g81/g74/g3/g11/g83/g68/g85/g68/g79/g79/g72/g79/g3/g87/g82/g12/g3/g87/g75/g72/g3/g79/g76/g81/g72/g86/g3/g82/g73/g3/g73/g82/g85/g70/g72/g17/g3/g38/g82/g81/g86/g72/g84/g88/g72/g81/g87/g79/g92/g15/g3/g76/g87/g3/g76/g86/g3/g70/g88/g87/g87/g76/g81/g74/g3/g49/g50/g3/g79/g76/g81/g72/g86/g3/g82/g73/g3/g73/g82/g85/g70/g72/g17/g3/g55/g75/g72/g3/g86/g68/g80/g72/g3/g76/g86/g3 /g87/g85/g88/g72/g3/g82/g73/g3/g87/g75/g72/g3/g79/g76/g74/g75/g87/g3/g75/g68/g79/g73/g15/g3/g90/g75/g76/g70/g75/g3/g76/g86/g3/g80/g82/g89/g76/g81/g74/g3/g76/g81/g3/g87/g75/g72/g3/g82/g83/g83/g82/g86/g76/g87/g72/g3/g71/g76/g85/g72/g70/g87/g76/g82/g81/g17/g3/g54/g76/g81/g70/g72/g3/g87/g75/g72/g3/g70/g82/g81/g71/g88/g70/g87/g82/g85/g86/g3/g68/g85/g72/g3/g70/g88/g87/g87/g76/g81/g74/g3/g81/g82/g3/g79/g76/g81/g72/g86/g3 /g82/g73/g3/g73/g82/g85/g70/g72/g15/g3/g81/g82/g3/g72/g80/g73/g3/g76/g86/g3/g76/g81/g71/g88/g70/g72/g71/g17/g3/g36/g86/g3/g87/g75/g72/g3/g79/g82/g82/g83/g3/g85/g82/g87/g68/g87/g72/g86/g3/g87/g82/g90/g68/g85/g71/g3/g87/g75/g72/g3/g83/g82/g86/g76/g87/g76/g82/g81/g3/g86/g75/g82/g90/g81/g3/g76/g81/g3/g11/g37/g12/g15/g3/g76/g87/g3/g70/g88/g87/g86/g3/g80/g82/g85/g72/g3/g68/g81/g71/g3/g80/g82/g85/g72/g3 /g79/g76/g81/g72/g86/g3/g82/g73/g3/g73/g82/g85/g70/g72/g3/g83/g72/g85/g3/g86/g72/g70/g82/g81/g71/g3/g11/g76/g81/g71/g88/g70/g76/g81/g74/g3/g68/g81/g3/g72/g89/g72/g85/g16/g76/g81/g70/g85/g72/g68/g86/g76/g81/g74/g3/g89/g82/g79/g87/g68/g74/g72/g12/g3/g69/g72/g70/g68/g88/g86/g72/g3/g76/g87/g3/g76/g86/g3/g70/g88/g87/g87/g76/g81/g74/g3/g80/g82/g85/g72/g3/g71/g76/g85/g72/g70/g87/g79/g92/g3/g68/g70/g85/g82/g86/g86/g3 /g87/g75/g72/g3/g73/g76/g72/g79/g71/g3/g11/g79/g76/g81/g72/g86/g3/g82/g73/g3/g73/g82/g85/g70/g72/g12/g17/g3/g36/g87/g3/g11/g37/g12/g15/g3/g87/g75/g72/g3/g70/g82/g81/g71/g88/g70/g87/g82/g85/g3/g76/g86/g3/g86/g75/g82/g90/g81/g3/g70/g82/g80/g83/g79/g72/g87/g76/g81/g74/g3/g82/g81/g72/g16/g84/g88/g68/g85/g87/g72/g85/g3/g82/g73/g3/g68/g3/g70/g82/g80/g83/g79/g72/g87/g72/g3/g85/g72/g89/g82/g79/g88/g87/g76/g82/g81/g15/g3 /g82/g85/g3/g28/g19/g158 /g15/g3/g82/g73/g3/g68/g3/g70/g82/g80/g83/g79/g72/g87/g72/g3/g70/g76/g85/g70/g79/g72/g17/g3/g37/g72/g70/g68/g88/g86/g72/g3/g87/g75/g72/g3/g70/g82/g81/g71/g88/g70/g87/g82/g85/g3/g76/g86/g3/g81/g82/g90/g3/g70/g88/g87/g87/g76/g81/g74/g3/g71/g76/g85/g72/g70/g87/g79/g92/g3/g68/g70/g85/g82/g86/g86/g3/g87/g75/g72/g3/g73/g76/g72/g79/g71/g15/g3/g87/g75/g72/g3/g89/g82/g79/g87/g68/g74/g72/g3
/g3 /g20/g16/g20/g19/g3 /g76/g81/g71/g88/g70/g72/g71/g3/g76/g81/g3/g87/g75/g72/g3/g70/g82/g81/g71/g88/g70/g87/g82/g85/g3/g76/g86/g3/g80/g68/g91/g76/g80/g88/g80/g17/g3/g58/g75/g72/g81/g3/g87/g75/g72/g3/g89/g68/g79/g88/g72/g3/g82/g73/g3/g76/g81/g71/g88/g70/g72/g71/g3/g89/g82/g79/g87/g68/g74/g72/g3/g68/g87/g3/g89/g68/g85/g76/g82/g88/g86/g3/g83/g82/g76/g81/g87/g86/g3/g71/g88/g85/g76/g81/g74/g3/g87/g75/g72/g3 /g85/g82/g87/g68/g87/g76/g82/g81/g3/g73/g85/g82/g80/g3/g11/g36/g12/g3/g87/g82/g3/g11/g37/g12/g3/g76/g86/g3/g83/g79/g82/g87/g87/g72/g71/g3/g82/g81/g3/g68/g3/g74/g85/g68/g83/g75/g3/g11/g68/g81/g71/g3/g87/g75/g72/g3/g83/g82/g76/g81/g87/g86/g3/g70/g82/g81/g81/g72/g70/g87/g72/g71/g12/g15/g3/g68/g3/g70/g88/g85/g89/g72/g3/g68/g83/g83/g72/g68/g85/g86/g3/g68/g86/g3/g86/g75/g82/g90/g81/g3/g69/g72/g79/g82/g90/g17/g3
Figure 1-7.—Simple alternating-current generator. /g3 /g36/g86/g3/g87/g75/g72/g3/g79/g82/g82/g83/g3/g70/g82/g81/g87/g76/g81/g88/g72/g86/g3/g87/g82/g3/g69/g72/g3/g85/g82/g87/g68/g87/g72/g71/g3/g87/g82/g90/g68/g85/g71/g3/g87/g75/g72/g3/g83/g82/g86/g76/g87/g76/g82/g81/g3/g86/g75/g82/g90/g81/g3/g69/g72/g79/g82/g90/g3/g76/g81/g3/g11/g38/g12/g15/g3/g76/g87/g3/g70/g88/g87/g86/g3/g73/g72/g90/g72/g85/g3/g68/g81/g71/g3/g73/g72/g90/g72/g85/g3 /g79/g76/g81/g72/g86/g3/g82/g73/g3/g73/g82/g85/g70/g72/g17/g3/g55/g75/g72/g3/g76/g81/g71/g88/g70/g72/g71/g3/g89/g82/g79/g87/g68/g74/g72/g3/g71/g72/g70/g85/g72/g68/g86/g72/g86/g3/g73/g85/g82/g80/g3/g76/g87/g86/g3/g83/g72/g68/g78/g3/g89/g68/g79/g88/g72/g17/g3/g40/g89/g72/g81/g87/g88/g68/g79/g79/g92/g15/g3/g87/g75/g72/g3/g79/g82/g82/g83/g3/g76/g86/g3/g82/g81/g70/g72/g3/g68/g74/g68/g76/g81/g3 /g80/g82/g89/g76/g81/g74/g3/g76/g81/g3/g68/g3/g83/g79/g68/g81/g72/g3/g83/g68/g85/g68/g79/g79/g72/g79/g3/g87/g82/g3/g87/g75/g72/g3/g80/g68/g74/g81/g72/g87/g76/g70/g3/g73/g76/g72/g79/g71/g15/g3/g68/g81/g71/g3/g81/g82/g3/g72/g80/g73/g3/g76/g86/g3/g76/g81/g71/g88/g70/g72/g71/g3/g76/g81/g3/g87/g75/g72/g3/g70/g82/g81/g71/g88/g70/g87/g82/g85/g17/g3 /g3 /g55/g75/g72/g3/g79/g82/g82/g83/g3/g75/g68/g86/g3/g81/g82/g90/g3/g69/g72/g72/g81/g3/g85/g82/g87/g68/g87/g72/g71/g3/g87/g75/g85/g82/g88/g74/g75/g3/g75/g68/g79/g73/g3/g68/g3/g70/g76/g85/g70/g79/g72/g3/g11/g82/g81/g72/g3/g68/g79/g87/g72/g85/g81/g68/g87/g76/g82/g81/g3/g82/g85/g3/g20/g27/g19/g158 /g12/g17/g3/g44/g73/g3/g87/g75/g72/g3/g83/g85/g72/g70/g72/g71/g76/g81/g74/g3 /g84/g88/g68/g85/g87/g72/g85/g16/g70/g92/g70/g79/g72/g3/g76/g86/g3/g83/g79/g82/g87/g87/g72/g71/g15/g3/g76/g87/g3/g68/g83/g83/g72/g68/g85/g86/g3/g68/g86/g3/g86/g75/g82/g90/g81/g3/g69/g72/g79/g82/g90/g17/g3 /g3 /g58/g75/g72/g81/g3/g87/g75/g72/g3/g86/g68/g80/g72/g3/g83/g85/g82/g70/g72/g71/g88/g85/g72/g3/g76/g86/g3/g68/g83/g83/g79/g76/g72/g71/g3/g87/g82/g3/g87/g75/g72/g3/g86/g72/g70/g82/g81/g71/g3/g75/g68/g79/g73/g3/g82/g73/g3/g85/g82/g87/g68/g87/g76/g82/g81/g3/g11/g20/g27/g19/g158 /g3/g87/g75/g85/g82/g88/g74/g75/g3/g22/g25/g19/g158 /g12/g15/g3/g87/g75/g72/g3/g70/g88/g85/g89/g72/g3 /g68/g83/g83/g72/g68/g85/g86/g3/g68/g86/g3/g86/g75/g82/g90/g81/g3/g69/g72/g79/g82/g90/g17/g3/g49/g82/g87/g76/g70/g72/g3/g87/g75/g72/g3/g82/g81/g79/g92/g3/g71/g76/g73/g73/g72/g85/g72/g81/g70/g72/g3/g76/g86/g3/g76/g81/g3/g87/g75/g72/g3/g83/g82/g79/g68/g85/g76/g87/g92/g3/g82/g73/g3/g87/g75/g72/g3/g76/g81/g71/g88/g70/g72/g71/g3/g89/g82/g79/g87/g68/g74/g72/g17/g3/g58/g75/g72/g85/g72/g3 /g83/g85/g72/g89/g76/g82/g88/g86/g79/g92/g3/g87/g75/g72/g3/g83/g82/g79/g68/g85/g76/g87/g92/g3/g90/g68/g86/g3/g83/g82/g86/g76/g87/g76/g89/g72/g15/g3/g76/g87/g3/g76/g86/g3/g81/g82/g90/g3/g81/g72/g74/g68/g87/g76/g89/g72/g17/g3 /g3 /g55/g75/g72/g3/g86/g76/g81/g72/g3/g70/g88/g85/g89/g72/g3/g86/g75/g82/g90/g86/g3/g87/g75/g72/g3/g89/g68/g79/g88/g72/g3/g82/g73/g3/g76/g81/g71/g88/g70/g72/g71/g3/g89/g82/g79/g87/g68/g74/g72/g3/g68/g87/g3/g72/g68/g70/g75/g3/g76/g81/g86/g87/g68/g81/g87/g3/g82/g73/g3/g87/g76/g80/g72/g3/g71/g88/g85/g76/g81/g74/g3/g85/g82/g87/g68/g87/g76/g82/g81/g3/g82/g73/g3/g87/g75/g72/g3/g79/g82/g82/g83/g17/g3 /g49/g82/g87/g76/g70/g72/g3/g87/g75/g68/g87/g3/g87/g75/g76/g86/g3/g70/g88/g85/g89/g72/g3/g70/g82/g81/g87/g68/g76/g81/g86/g3/g22/g25/g19/g158/g3/g15/g3/g82/g85/g3/g87/g90/g82/g3/g68/g79/g87/g72/g85/g81/g68/g87/g76/g82/g81/g86/g17/g3/g55/g58/g50/g3/g36/g47/g55/g40/g53/g49/g36/g55/g44/g50/g49/g54/g3/g85/g72/g83/g85/g72/g86/g72/g81/g87/g3/g50/g49/g40/g3 /g70/g82/g80/g83/g79/g72/g87/g72/g3/g38/g60/g38/g47/g40/g3/g82/g73/g3/g85/g82/g87/g68/g87/g76/g82/g81/g17/g3
Figure 1-8.—Basic alternating-current generator.
/g3 /g20/g16/g20/g20/g3 /g3 /g36/g86/g86/g88/g80/g76/g81/g74/g3/g68/g3/g70/g79/g82/g86/g72/g71/g3/g83/g68/g87/g75/g3/g76/g86/g3/g83/g85/g82/g89/g76/g71/g72/g71/g3/g68/g70/g85/g82/g86/g86/g3/g87/g75/g72/g3/g72/g81/g71/g86/g3/g82/g73/g3/g87/g75/g72/g3/g70/g82/g81/g71/g88/g70/g87/g82/g85/g3/g79/g82/g82/g83/g15/g3/g92/g82/g88/g3/g70/g68/g81/g3/g71/g72/g87/g72/g85/g80/g76/g81/g72/g3/g87/g75/g72/g3 /g71/g76/g85/g72/g70/g87/g76/g82/g81/g3/g82/g73/g3/g70/g88/g85/g85/g72/g81/g87/g3/g76/g81/g3/g87/g75/g72/g3/g79/g82/g82/g83/g3/g69/g92/g3/g88/g86/g76/g81/g74/g3/g87/g75/g72/g3/g47/g40/g41/g55/g16/g43/g36/g49/g39/g3/g53/g56/g47/g40/g3/g41/g50/g53/g3/g42/g40/g49/g40/g53/g36/g55/g50/g53/g54/g17/g3/g53/g72/g73/g72/g85/g3/g87/g82/g3/g73/g76/g74/g88/g85/g72/g3 /g20/g16/g28/g17/g3/g55/g75/g72/g3/g79/g72/g73/g87/g16/g75/g68/g81/g71/g3/g85/g88/g79/g72/g3/g76/g86/g3/g68/g83/g83/g79/g76/g72/g71/g3/g68/g86/g3/g73/g82/g79/g79/g82/g90/g86/g29/g3/g41/g76/g85/g86/g87/g15/g3/g83/g79/g68/g70/g72/g3/g92/g82/g88/g85/g3/g79/g72/g73/g87/g3/g75/g68/g81/g71/g3/g82/g81/g3/g87/g75/g72/g3/g76/g79/g79/g88/g86/g87/g85/g68/g87/g76/g82/g81/g3/g90/g76/g87/g75/g3/g87/g75/g72/g3/g73/g76/g81/g74/g72/g85/g86/g3 /g68/g86/g3/g86/g75/g82/g90/g81/g17/g3/g60/g82/g88/g85/g3/g55/g43/g56/g48/g37/g3/g90/g76/g79/g79/g3/g81/g82/g90/g3/g83/g82/g76/g81/g87/g3/g76/g81/g3/g87/g75/g72/g3/g71/g76/g85/g72/g70/g87/g76/g82/g81/g3/g82/g73/g3/g85/g82/g87/g68/g87/g76/g82/g81/g3/g11/g85/g72/g79/g68/g87/g76/g89/g72/g3/g80/g82/g89/g72/g80/g72/g81/g87/g3/g82/g73/g3/g87/g75/g72/g3/g90/g76/g85/g72/g3/g87/g82/g3/g87/g75/g72/g3 /g80/g68/g74/g81/g72/g87/g76/g70/g3/g73/g76/g72/g79/g71/g12/g30/g3/g92/g82/g88/g85/g3/g41/g50/g53/g40/g41/g44/g49/g42/g40/g53/g3/g90/g76/g79/g79/g3/g83/g82/g76/g81/g87/g3/g76/g81/g3/g87/g75/g72/g3/g71/g76/g85/g72/g70/g87/g76/g82/g81/g3/g82/g73/g3/g80/g68/g74/g81/g72/g87/g76/g70/g3/g73/g79/g88/g91/g3/g11/g81/g82/g85/g87/g75/g3/g87/g82/g3/g86/g82/g88/g87/g75/g12/g30/g3/g68/g81/g71/g3 /g92/g82/g88/g85/g3/g48/g44/g39/g39/g47/g40/g3/g41/g44/g49/g42/g40/g53/g3/g11/g83/g82/g76/g81/g87/g76/g81/g74/g3/g82/g88/g87/g3/g82/g73/g3/g87/g75/g72/g3/g83/g68/g83/g72/g85/g12/g3/g90/g76/g79/g79/g3/g83/g82/g76/g81/g87/g3/g76/g81/g3/g87/g75/g72/g3/g71/g76/g85/g72/g70/g87/g76/g82/g81/g3/g82/g73/g3/g72/g79/g72/g70/g87/g85/g82/g81/g3/g70/g88/g85/g85/g72/g81/g87/g3/g73/g79/g82/g90/g17/g3
Figure 1-9.—Left-hand rule for generators. /g3 /g37/g92/g3/g68/g83/g83/g79/g92/g76/g81/g74/g3/g87/g75/g72/g3/g79/g72/g73/g87/g16/g75/g68/g81/g71/g3/g85/g88/g79/g72/g3/g87/g82/g3/g87/g75/g72/g3/g71/g68/g85/g78/g3/g75/g68/g79/g73/g3/g82/g73/g3/g87/g75/g72/g3/g79/g82/g82/g83/g3/g76/g81/g3/g11/g37/g12/g3/g76/g81/g3/g73/g76/g74/g88/g85/g72/g3/g20/g16/g27/g15/g3/g92/g82/g88/g3/g90/g76/g79/g79/g3/g73/g76/g81/g71/g3/g87/g75/g68/g87/g3/g87/g75/g72/g3 /g70/g88/g85/g85/g72/g81/g87/g3/g73/g79/g82/g90/g86/g3/g76/g81/g3/g87/g75/g72/g3/g71/g76/g85/g72/g70/g87/g76/g82/g81/g3/g76/g81/g71/g76/g70/g68/g87/g72/g71/g3/g69/g92/g3/g87/g75/g72/g3/g75/g72/g68/g89/g92/g3/g68/g85/g85/g82/g90/g17/g3/g54/g76/g80/g76/g79/g68/g85/g79/g92/g15/g3/g69/g92/g3/g88/g86/g76/g81/g74/g3/g87/g75/g72/g3/g79/g72/g73/g87/g16/g75/g68/g81/g71/g3/g85/g88/g79/g72/g3/g82/g81/g3/g87/g75/g72/g3 /g79/g76/g74/g75/g87/g3/g75/g68/g79/g73/g3/g82/g73/g3/g87/g75/g72/g3/g79/g82/g82/g83/g15/g3/g92/g82/g88/g3/g90/g76/g79/g79/g3/g73/g76/g81/g71/g3/g87/g75/g68/g87/g3/g70/g88/g85/g85/g72/g81/g87/g3/g87/g75/g72/g85/g72/g76/g81/g3/g73/g79/g82/g90/g86/g3/g76/g81/g3/g87/g75/g72/g3/g82/g83/g83/g82/g86/g76/g87/g72/g3/g71/g76/g85/g72/g70/g87/g76/g82/g81/g17/g3/g55/g75/g72/g3/g87/g90/g82/g3/g76/g81/g71/g88/g70/g72/g71/g3 /g89/g82/g79/g87/g68/g74/g72/g86/g3/g76/g81/g3/g87/g75/g72/g3/g79/g82/g82/g83/g3/g68/g71/g71/g3/g87/g82/g74/g72/g87/g75/g72/g85/g3/g87/g82/g3/g73/g82/g85/g80/g3/g82/g81/g72/g3/g87/g82/g87/g68/g79/g3/g72/g80/g73/g17/g3/g44/g87/g3/g76/g86/g3/g87/g75/g76/g86/g3/g72/g80/g73/g3/g90/g75/g76/g70/g75/g3/g70/g68/g88/g86/g72/g86/g3/g87/g75/g72/g3/g70/g88/g85/g85/g72/g81/g87/g3/g76/g81/g3/g87/g75/g72/g3/g79/g82/g82/g83/g17/g3 /g3 /g58/g75/g72/g81/g3/g87/g75/g72/g3/g79/g82/g82/g83/g3/g85/g82/g87/g68/g87/g72/g86/g3/g87/g82/g3/g87/g75/g72/g3/g83/g82/g86/g76/g87/g76/g82/g81/g3/g86/g75/g82/g90/g81/g3/g76/g81/g3/g11/g39/g12/g3/g82/g73/g3/g73/g76/g74/g88/g85/g72/g3/g20/g16/g27/g15/g3/g87/g75/g72/g3/g68/g70/g87/g76/g82/g81/g3/g85/g72/g89/g72/g85/g86/g72/g86/g17/g3/g55/g75/g72/g3/g71/g68/g85/g78/g3/g75/g68/g79/g73/g3/g76/g86/g3 /g80/g82/g89/g76/g81/g74/g3/g88/g83/g3/g76/g81/g86/g87/g72/g68/g71/g3/g82/g73/g3/g71/g82/g90/g81/g15/g3/g68/g81/g71/g3/g87/g75/g72/g3/g79/g76/g74/g75/g87/g3/g75/g68/g79/g73/g3/g76/g86/g3/g80/g82/g89/g76/g81/g74/g3/g71/g82/g90/g81/g3/g76/g81/g86/g87/g72/g68/g71/g3/g82/g73/g3/g88/g83/g17/g3/g37/g92/g3/g68/g83/g83/g79/g92/g76/g81/g74/g3/g87/g75/g72/g3/g79/g72/g73/g87/g16/g75/g68/g81/g71/g3 /g85/g88/g79/g72/g3/g82/g81/g70/g72/g3/g68/g74/g68/g76/g81/g15/g3/g92/g82/g88/g3/g90/g76/g79/g79/g3/g86/g72/g72/g3/g87/g75/g68/g87/g3/g87/g75/g72/g3/g87/g82/g87/g68/g79/g3/g76/g81/g71/g88/g70/g72/g71/g3/g72/g80/g73/g3/g68/g81/g71/g3/g76/g87/g86/g3/g85/g72/g86/g88/g79/g87/g76/g81/g74/g3/g70/g88/g85/g85/g72/g81/g87/g3/g75/g68/g89/g72/g3/g85/g72/g89/g72/g85/g86/g72/g71/g3/g71/g76/g85/g72/g70/g87/g76/g82/g81/g17/g3 /g55/g75/g72/g3/g89/g82/g79/g87/g68/g74/g72/g3/g69/g88/g76/g79/g71/g86/g3/g88/g83/g3/g87/g82/g3/g80/g68/g91/g76/g80/g88/g80/g3/g76/g81/g3/g87/g75/g76/g86/g3/g81/g72/g90/g3/g71/g76/g85/g72/g70/g87/g76/g82/g81/g15/g3/g68/g86/g3/g86/g75/g82/g90/g81/g3/g69/g92/g3/g87/g75/g72/g3/g86/g76/g81/g72/g3/g70/g88/g85/g89/g72/g3/g76/g81/g3/g73/g76/g74/g88/g85/g72/g3/g20/g16/g27/g17/g3/g55/g75/g72/g3 /g79/g82/g82/g83/g3/g73/g76/g81/g68/g79/g79/g92/g3/g85/g72/g87/g88/g85/g81/g86/g3/g87/g82/g3/g76/g87/g86/g3/g82/g85/g76/g74/g76/g81/g68/g79/g3/g83/g82/g86/g76/g87/g76/g82/g81/g3/g11/g40/g12/g15/g3/g68/g87/g3/g90/g75/g76/g70/g75/g3/g83/g82/g76/g81/g87/g3/g89/g82/g79/g87/g68/g74/g72/g3/g76/g86/g3/g68/g74/g68/g76/g81/g3/g93/g72/g85/g82/g17/g3/g55/g75/g72/g3/g86/g76/g81/g72/g3/g70/g88/g85/g89/g72/g3 /g85/g72/g83/g85/g72/g86/g72/g81/g87/g86/g3/g82/g81/g72/g3/g70/g82/g80/g83/g79/g72/g87/g72/g3/g70/g92/g70/g79/g72/g3/g82/g73/g3/g89/g82/g79/g87/g68/g74/g72/g3/g74/g72/g81/g72/g85/g68/g87/g72/g71/g3/g69/g92/g3/g87/g75/g72/g3/g85/g82/g87/g68/g87/g76/g81/g74/g3/g79/g82/g82/g83/g17/g3/g36/g79/g79/g3/g87/g75/g72/g3/g76/g79/g79/g88/g86/g87/g85/g68/g87/g76/g82/g81/g86/g3/g88/g86/g72/g71/g3/g76/g81/g3/g87/g75/g76/g86/g3 /g70/g75/g68/g83/g87/g72/g85/g3/g86/g75/g82/g90/g3/g87/g75/g72/g3/g90/g76/g85/g72/g3/g79/g82/g82/g83/g3/g80/g82/g89/g76/g81/g74/g3/g76/g81/g3/g68/g3/g70/g79/g82/g70/g78/g90/g76/g86/g72/g3/g71/g76/g85/g72/g70/g87/g76/g82/g81/g17/g3/g44/g81/g3/g68/g70/g87/g88/g68/g79/g3/g83/g85/g68/g70/g87/g76/g70/g72/g15/g3/g87/g75/g72/g3/g79/g82/g82/g83/g3/g70/g68/g81/g3/g69/g72/g3/g80/g82/g89/g72/g71/g3 /g70/g79/g82/g70/g78/g90/g76/g86/g72/g3/g82/g85/g3/g70/g82/g88/g81/g87/g72/g85/g70/g79/g82/g70/g78/g90/g76/g86/g72/g17/g3/g53/g72/g74/g68/g85/g71/g79/g72/g86/g86/g3/g82/g73/g3/g87/g75/g72/g3/g71/g76/g85/g72/g70/g87/g76/g82/g81/g3/g82/g73/g3/g80/g82/g89/g72/g80/g72/g81/g87/g15/g3/g87/g75/g72/g3/g79/g72/g73/g87/g16/g75/g68/g81/g71/g3/g85/g88/g79/g72/g3/g68/g83/g83/g79/g76/g72/g86/g17/g3 /g3 /g44/g73/g3/g87/g75/g72/g3/g79/g82/g82/g83/g3/g76/g86/g3/g85/g82/g87/g68/g87/g72/g71/g3/g87/g75/g85/g82/g88/g74/g75/g3/g22/g25/g19/g158 /g3/g68/g87/g3/g68/g3/g86/g87/g72/g68/g71/g92/g3/g85/g68/g87/g72/g15/g3/g68/g81/g71/g3/g76/g73/g3/g87/g75/g72/g3/g86/g87/g85/g72/g81/g74/g87/g75/g3/g82/g73/g3/g87/g75/g72/g3/g80/g68/g74/g81/g72/g87/g76/g70/g3/g73/g76/g72/g79/g71/g3/g76/g86/g3 /g88/g81/g76/g73/g82/g85/g80/g15/g3/g87/g75/g72/g3/g89/g82/g79/g87/g68/g74/g72/g3/g83/g85/g82/g71/g88/g70/g72/g71/g3/g76/g86/g3/g68/g3/g86/g76/g81/g72/g3/g90/g68/g89/g72/g3/g82/g73/g3/g89/g82/g79/g87/g68/g74/g72/g15/g3/g68/g86/g3/g76/g81/g71/g76/g70/g68/g87/g72/g71/g3/g76/g81/g3/g73/g76/g74/g88/g85/g72/g3/g20/g16/g28/g17/g3/g38/g82/g81/g87/g76/g81/g88/g82/g88/g86/g3/g85/g82/g87/g68/g87/g76/g82/g81/g3/g82/g73/g3 /g87/g75/g72/g3/g79/g82/g82/g83/g3/g90/g76/g79/g79/g3/g83/g85/g82/g71/g88/g70/g72/g3/g68/g3/g86/g72/g85/g76/g72/g86/g3/g82/g73/g3/g86/g76/g81/g72/g16/g90/g68/g89/g72/g3/g89/g82/g79/g87/g68/g74/g72/g3/g70/g92/g70/g79/g72/g86/g3/g82/g85/g15/g3/g76/g81/g3/g82/g87/g75/g72/g85/g3/g90/g82/g85/g71/g86/g15/g3/g68/g81/g3/g68/g70/g3/g89/g82/g79/g87/g68/g74/g72/g17/g3
/g3 /g20/g16/g20/g21/g3 /g3 /g36/g86/g3/g80/g72/g81/g87/g76/g82/g81/g72/g71/g3/g83/g85/g72/g89/g76/g82/g88/g86/g79/g92/g15/g3/g87/g75/g72/g3/g70/g92/g70/g79/g72/g3/g70/g82/g81/g86/g76/g86/g87/g86/g3/g82/g73/g3/g87/g90/g82/g3/g70/g82/g80/g83/g79/g72/g87/g72/g3/g68/g79/g87/g72/g85/g81/g68/g87/g76/g82/g81/g86/g3/g76/g81/g3/g68/g3/g83/g72/g85/g76/g82/g71/g3/g82/g73/g3/g87/g76/g80/g72/g17/g3 /g53/g72/g70/g72/g81/g87/g79/g92/g3/g87/g75/g72/g3/g43/g40/g53/g55/g61/g3/g11/g43/g93/g12/g3/g75/g68/g86/g3/g69/g72/g72/g81/g3/g71/g72/g86/g76/g74/g81/g68/g87/g72/g71/g3/g87/g82/g3/g76/g81/g71/g76/g70/g68/g87/g72/g3/g82/g81/g72/g3/g70/g92/g70/g79/g72/g3/g83/g72/g85/g3/g86/g72/g70/g82/g81/g71/g17/g3/g44/g73/g3/g50/g49/g40/g3/g38/g60/g38/g47/g40/g3/g51/g40/g53/g3 /g54/g40/g38/g50/g49/g39/g3/g76/g86/g3/g50/g49/g40/g3/g43/g40/g53/g55/g61/g15/g3/g87/g75/g72/g81/g3/g20/g19/g19/g3/g70/g92/g70/g79/g72/g86/g3/g83/g72/g85/g3/g86/g72/g70/g82/g81/g71/g3/g68/g85/g72/g3/g72/g84/g88/g68/g79/g3/g87/g82/g3/g20/g19/g19/g3/g75/g72/g85/g87/g93/g15/g3/g68/g81/g71/g3/g86/g82/g3/g82/g81/g17/g3/g55/g75/g85/g82/g88/g74/g75/g82/g88/g87/g3/g87/g75/g72/g3 /g49/g40/g40/g55/g54/g15/g3/g87/g75/g72/g3/g87/g72/g85/g80/g3/g70/g92/g70/g79/g72/g3/g76/g86/g3/g88/g86/g72/g71/g3/g90/g75/g72/g81/g3/g81/g82/g3/g86/g83/g72/g70/g76/g73/g76/g70/g3/g87/g76/g80/g72/g3/g72/g79/g72/g80/g72/g81/g87/g3/g76/g86/g3/g76/g81/g89/g82/g79/g89/g72/g71/g15/g3/g68/g81/g71/g3/g87/g75/g72/g3/g87/g72/g85/g80/g3/g75/g72/g85/g87/g93/g3/g11/g43/g93/g12/g3/g76/g86/g3/g88/g86/g72/g71/g3 /g90/g75/g72/g81/g3/g87/g75/g72/g3/g87/g76/g80/g72/g3/g72/g79/g72/g80/g72/g81/g87/g3/g76/g86/g3/g80/g72/g68/g86/g88/g85/g72/g71/g3/g76/g81/g3/g86/g72/g70/g82/g81/g71/g86/g17/g3 Q16. When a conductor is rotated in a magnetic field, at what points in the cycle is emf (a) at maximum amplitude and (b) at minimum amplitude? Q17. One cycle is equal to how many degrees of rotation of a conductor in a magnetic field? Q18. State the left-hand rule used to determine the direction of current in a generator. Q19. How is an ac voltage produced by an ac generator? FREQUENCY /g3 /g44/g73/g3/g87/g75/g72/g3/g79/g82/g82/g83/g3/g76/g81/g3/g87/g75/g72/g3/g73/g76/g74/g88/g85/g72/g3/g20/g16/g27/g3/g11/g36/g12/g3/g80/g68/g78/g72/g86/g3/g82/g81/g72/g3/g70/g82/g80/g83/g79/g72/g87/g72/g3/g85/g72/g89/g82/g79/g88/g87/g76/g82/g81/g3/g72/g68/g70/g75/g3/g86/g72/g70/g82/g81/g71/g15/g3/g87/g75/g72/g3/g74/g72/g81/g72/g85/g68/g87/g82/g85/g3/g83/g85/g82/g71/g88/g70/g72/g86/g3 /g82/g81/g72/g3/g70/g82/g80/g83/g79/g72/g87/g72/g3/g70/g92/g70/g79/g72/g3/g82/g73/g3/g68/g70/g3/g71/g88/g85/g76/g81/g74/g3/g72/g68/g70/g75/g3/g86/g72/g70/g82/g81/g71/g3/g11/g20/g3/g43/g93/g12/g17/g3/g44/g81/g70/g85/g72/g68/g86/g76/g81/g74/g3/g87/g75/g72/g3/g81/g88/g80/g69/g72/g85/g3/g82/g73/g3/g85/g72/g89/g82/g79/g88/g87/g76/g82/g81/g86/g3/g87/g82/g3/g87/g90/g82/g3/g83/g72/g85/g3 /g86/g72/g70/g82/g81/g71/g3/g90/g76/g79/g79/g3/g83/g85/g82/g71/g88/g70/g72/g3/g87/g90/g82/g3/g70/g82/g80/g83/g79/g72/g87/g72/g3/g70/g92/g70/g79/g72/g86/g3/g82/g73/g3/g68/g70/g3/g83/g72/g85/g3/g86/g72/g70/g82/g81/g71/g3/g11/g21/g3/g43/g93/g12/g17/g3/g55/g75/g72/g3/g81/g88/g80/g69/g72/g85/g3/g82/g73/g3/g70/g82/g80/g83/g79/g72/g87/g72/g3/g70/g92/g70/g79/g72/g86/g3/g82/g73/g3 /g68/g79/g87/g72/g85/g81/g68/g87/g76/g81/g74/g3/g70/g88/g85/g85/g72/g81/g87/g3/g82/g85/g3/g89/g82/g79/g87/g68/g74/g72/g3/g70/g82/g80/g83/g79/g72/g87/g72/g71/g3/g72/g68/g70/g75/g3/g86/g72/g70/g82/g81/g71/g3/g76/g86/g3/g85/g72/g73/g72/g85/g85/g72/g71/g3/g87/g82/g3/g68/g86/g3/g87/g75/g72/g3/g41/g53/g40/g52/g56/g40/g49/g38/g60/g17/g3/g41/g85/g72/g84/g88/g72/g81/g70/g92/g3/g76/g86/g3 /g68/g79/g90/g68/g92/g86/g3/g80/g72/g68/g86/g88/g85/g72/g71/g3/g68/g81/g71/g3/g72/g91/g83/g85/g72/g86/g86/g72/g71/g3/g76/g81/g3/g75/g72/g85/g87/g93/g17/g3 /g3 /g36/g79/g87/g72/g85/g81/g68/g87/g76/g81/g74/g16/g70/g88/g85/g85/g72/g81/g87/g3/g73/g85/g72/g84/g88/g72/g81/g70/g92/g3/g76/g86/g3/g68/g81/g3/g76/g80/g83/g82/g85/g87/g68/g81/g87/g3/g87/g72/g85/g80/g3/g87/g82/g3/g88/g81/g71/g72/g85/g86/g87/g68/g81/g71/g3/g86/g76/g81/g70/g72/g3/g80/g82/g86/g87/g3/g68/g70/g3/g72/g79/g72/g70/g87/g85/g76/g70/g68/g79/g3/g72/g84/g88/g76/g83/g80/g72/g81/g87/g86/g3 /g85/g72/g84/g88/g76/g85/g72/g3/g68/g3/g86/g83/g72/g70/g76/g73/g76/g70/g3/g73/g85/g72/g84/g88/g72/g81/g70/g92/g3/g73/g82/g85/g3/g83/g85/g82/g83/g72/g85/g3/g82/g83/g72/g85/g68/g87/g76/g82/g81/g17/g3 Q20. Define Frequency. PERIOD /g3 /g36/g81/g3/g76/g81/g71/g76/g89/g76/g71/g88/g68/g79/g3/g70/g92/g70/g79/g72/g3/g82/g73/g3/g68/g81/g92/g3/g86/g76/g81/g72/g3/g90/g68/g89/g72/g3/g85/g72/g83/g85/g72/g86/g72/g81/g87/g86/g3/g68/g3/g71/g72/g73/g76/g81/g76/g87/g72/g3/g68/g80/g82/g88/g81/g87/g3/g82/g73/g3/g55/g44/g48/g40/g17/g3/g49/g82/g87/g76/g70/g72/g3/g87/g75/g68/g87/g3/g73/g76/g74/g88/g85/g72/g3/g20/g16/g20/g19/g3 /g86/g75/g82/g90/g86/g3/g21/g3/g70/g92/g70/g79/g72/g86/g3/g82/g73/g3/g68/g3/g86/g76/g81/g72/g3/g90/g68/g89/g72/g3/g90/g75/g76/g70/g75/g3/g75/g68/g86/g3/g68/g3/g73/g85/g72/g84/g88/g72/g81/g70/g92/g3/g82/g73/g3/g21/g3/g75/g72/g85/g87/g93/g3/g11/g43/g93/g12/g17/g3/g54/g76/g81/g70/g72/g3/g21/g3/g70/g92/g70/g79/g72/g86/g3/g82/g70/g70/g88/g85/g3/g72/g68/g70/g75/g3/g86/g72/g70/g82/g81/g71/g15/g3/g20/g3 /g70/g92/g70/g79/g72/g3/g80/g88/g86/g87/g3/g85/g72/g84/g88/g76/g85/g72/g3/g82/g81/g72/g16/g75/g68/g79/g73/g3/g86/g72/g70/g82/g81/g71/g3/g82/g73/g3/g87/g76/g80/g72/g17/g3/g55/g75/g72/g3/g87/g76/g80/g72/g3/g85/g72/g84/g88/g76/g85/g72/g71/g3/g87/g82/g3/g70/g82/g80/g83/g79/g72/g87/g72/g3/g82/g81/g72/g3/g70/g92/g70/g79/g72/g3/g82/g73/g3/g68/g3/g90/g68/g89/g72/g73/g82/g85/g80/g3/g76/g86/g3 /g70/g68/g79/g79/g72/g71/g3/g87/g75/g72/g3/g51/g40/g53/g44/g50/g39/g3/g82/g73/g3/g87/g75/g72/g3/g90/g68/g89/g72/g17/g3/g44/g81/g3/g73/g76/g74/g88/g85/g72/g3/g20/g16/g20/g19/g15/g3/g87/g75/g72/g3/g83/g72/g85/g76/g82/g71/g3/g76/g86/g3/g82/g81/g72/g16/g75/g68/g79/g73/g3/g86/g72/g70/g82/g81/g71/g17/g3/g55/g75/g72/g3/g85/g72/g79/g68/g87/g76/g82/g81/g86/g75/g76/g83/g3/g69/g72/g87/g90/g72/g72/g81/g3 /g87/g76/g80/g72/g3/g11/g87/g12/g3/g68/g81/g71/g3/g73/g85/g72/g84/g88/g72/g81/g70/g92/g3/g11/g73/g12/g3/g76/g86/g3/g76/g81/g71/g76/g70/g68/g87/g72/g71/g3/g69/g92/g3/g87/g75/g72/g3/g73/g82/g85/g80/g88/g79/g68/g86/g3
/g3 /g20/g16/g20/g22/g3
Figure 1-10.—Period of a sine wave. /g3 /g40/g68/g70/g75/g3/g70/g92/g70/g79/g72/g3/g82/g73/g3/g87/g75/g72/g3/g86/g76/g81/g72/g3/g90/g68/g89/g72/g3/g86/g75/g82/g90/g81/g3/g76/g81/g3/g73/g76/g74/g88/g85/g72/g3/g20/g16/g20/g19/g3/g70/g82/g81/g86/g76/g86/g87/g86/g3/g82/g73/g3/g87/g90/g82/g3/g76/g71/g72/g81/g87/g76/g70/g68/g79/g79/g92/g3/g86/g75/g68/g83/g72/g71/g3/g89/g68/g85/g76/g68/g87/g76/g82/g81/g86/g3/g76/g81/g3 /g89/g82/g79/g87/g68/g74/g72/g17/g3/g55/g75/g72/g3/g89/g68/g85/g76/g68/g87/g76/g82/g81/g3/g90/g75/g76/g70/g75/g3/g82/g70/g70/g88/g85/g86/g3/g71/g88/g85/g76/g81/g74/g3/g87/g75/g72/g3/g87/g76/g80/g72/g3/g87/g75/g72/g3/g89/g82/g79/g87/g68/g74/g72/g3/g76/g86/g3/g83/g82/g86/g76/g87/g76/g89/g72/g3/g76/g86/g3/g70/g68/g79/g79/g72/g71/g3/g87/g75/g72/g3/g51/g50/g54/g44/g55/g44/g57/g40/g3 /g36/g47/g55/g40/g53/g49/g36/g55/g44/g50/g49/g17/g3/g55/g75/g72/g3/g89/g68/g85/g76/g68/g87/g76/g82/g81/g3/g90/g75/g76/g70/g75/g3/g82/g70/g70/g88/g85/g86/g3/g71/g88/g85/g76/g81/g74/g3/g87/g75/g72/g3/g87/g76/g80/g72/g3/g87/g75/g72/g3/g89/g82/g79/g87/g68/g74/g72/g3/g76/g86/g3/g81/g72/g74/g68/g87/g76/g89/g72/g3/g76/g86/g3/g70/g68/g79/g79/g72/g71/g3/g87/g75/g72/g3 /g49/g40/g42/g36/g55/g44/g57/g40/g3/g36/g47/g55/g40/g53/g49/g36/g55/g44/g50/g49/g17/g3/g44/g81/g3/g68/g3/g86/g76/g81/g72/g3/g90/g68/g89/g72/g15/g3/g87/g75/g72/g86/g72/g3/g87/g90/g82/g3/g68/g79/g87/g72/g85/g81/g68/g87/g76/g82/g81/g86/g3/g68/g85/g72/g3/g76/g71/g72/g81/g87/g76/g70/g68/g79/g3/g76/g81/g3/g86/g76/g93/g72/g3/g68/g81/g71/g3/g86/g75/g68/g83/g72/g15/g3/g69/g88/g87/g3 /g82/g83/g83/g82/g86/g76/g87/g72/g3/g76/g81/g3/g83/g82/g79/g68/g85/g76/g87/g92/g17/g3 /g3 /g55/g75/g72/g3/g71/g76/g86/g87/g68/g81/g70/g72/g3/g73/g85/g82/g80/g3/g93/g72/g85/g82/g3/g87/g82/g3/g87/g75/g72/g3/g80/g68/g91/g76/g80/g88/g80/g3/g89/g68/g79/g88/g72/g3/g82/g73/g3/g72/g68/g70/g75/g3/g68/g79/g87/g72/g85/g81/g68/g87/g76/g82/g81/g3/g76/g86/g3/g70/g68/g79/g79/g72/g71/g3/g87/g75/g72/g3/g36/g48/g51/g47/g44/g55/g56/g39/g40/g17/g3/g55/g75/g72/g3 /g68/g80/g83/g79/g76/g87/g88/g71/g72/g3/g82/g73/g3/g87/g75/g72/g3/g83/g82/g86/g76/g87/g76/g89/g72/g3/g68/g79/g87/g72/g85/g81/g68/g87/g76/g82/g81/g3/g68/g81/g71/g3/g87/g75/g72/g3/g68/g80/g83/g79/g76/g87/g88/g71/g72/g3/g82/g73/g3/g87/g75/g72/g3/g81/g72/g74/g68/g87/g76/g89/g72/g3/g68/g79/g87/g72/g85/g81/g68/g87/g76/g82/g81/g3/g68/g85/g72/g3/g87/g75/g72/g3/g86/g68/g80/g72/g17/g3 WAVELENGTH /g3 /g55/g75/g72/g3/g87/g76/g80/g72/g3/g76/g87/g3/g87/g68/g78/g72/g86/g3/g73/g82/g85/g3/g68/g3/g86/g76/g81/g72/g3/g90/g68/g89/g72/g3/g87/g82/g3/g70/g82/g80/g83/g79/g72/g87/g72/g3/g82/g81/g72/g3/g70/g92/g70/g79/g72/g3/g76/g86/g3/g71/g72/g73/g76/g81/g72/g71/g3/g68/g86/g3/g87/g75/g72/g3/g83/g72/g85/g76/g82/g71/g3/g82/g73/g3/g87/g75/g72/g3/g90/g68/g89/g72/g73/g82/g85/g80/g17/g3/g55/g75/g72/g3 /g71/g76/g86/g87/g68/g81/g70/g72/g3/g87/g85/g68/g89/g72/g79/g72/g71/g3/g69/g92/g3/g87/g75/g72/g3/g86/g76/g81/g72/g3/g90/g68/g89/g72/g3/g71/g88/g85/g76/g81/g74/g3/g87/g75/g76/g86/g3/g83/g72/g85/g76/g82/g71/g3/g76/g86/g3/g85/g72/g73/g72/g85/g85/g72/g71/g3/g87/g82/g3/g68/g86/g3/g58/g36/g57/g40/g47/g40/g49/g42/g55/g43/g17/g3/g58/g68/g89/g72/g79/g72/g81/g74/g87/g75/g15/g3 /g76/g81/g71/g76/g70/g68/g87/g72/g71/g3/g69/g92/g3/g87/g75/g72/g3/g86/g92/g80/g69/g82/g79/g3/g540/g3/g11/g42/g85/g72/g72/g78/g3/g79/g68/g80/g69/g71/g68/g12/g15/g3/g76/g86/g3/g87/g75/g72/g3/g71/g76/g86/g87/g68/g81/g70/g72/g3/g68/g79/g82/g81/g74/g3/g87/g75/g72/g3/g90/g68/g89/g72/g73/g82/g85/g80/g3/g73/g85/g82/g80/g3/g82/g81/g72/g3/g83/g82/g76/g81/g87/g3/g87/g82/g3/g87/g75/g72/g3/g86/g68/g80/g72/g3 /g83/g82/g76/g81/g87/g3/g82/g81/g3/g87/g75/g72/g3/g81/g72/g91/g87/g3/g70/g92/g70/g79/g72/g17/g3/g60/g82/g88/g3/g70/g68/g81/g3/g82/g69/g86/g72/g85/g89/g72/g3/g87/g75/g76/g86/g3/g85/g72/g79/g68/g87/g76/g82/g81/g86/g75/g76/g83/g3/g69/g92/g3/g72/g91/g68/g80/g76/g81/g76/g81/g74/g3/g73/g76/g74/g88/g85/g72/g3/g20/g16/g20/g20/g17/g3/g55/g75/g72/g3/g83/g82/g76/g81/g87/g3/g82/g81/g3/g87/g75/g72/g3 /g90/g68/g89/g72/g73/g82/g85/g80/g3/g87/g75/g68/g87/g3/g80/g72/g68/g86/g88/g85/g72/g80/g72/g81/g87/g3/g82/g73/g3/g90/g68/g89/g72/g79/g72/g81/g74/g87/g75/g3/g69/g72/g74/g76/g81/g86/g3/g76/g86/g3/g81/g82/g87/g3/g76/g80/g83/g82/g85/g87/g68/g81/g87/g3/g68/g86/g3/g79/g82/g81/g74/g3/g68/g86/g3/g87/g75/g72/g3/g71/g76/g86/g87/g68/g81/g70/g72/g3/g76/g86/g3/g80/g72/g68/g86/g88/g85/g72/g71/g3/g87/g82/g3 /g87/g75/g72/g3/g86/g68/g80/g72/g3/g83/g82/g76/g81/g87/g3/g82/g81/g3/g87/g75/g72/g3/g81/g72/g91/g87/g3/g70/g92/g70/g79/g72/g3/g11/g86/g72/g72/g3/g73/g76/g74/g88/g85/g72/g3/g20/g16/g20/g21/g12/g17/g3
Figure 1-11.—Wavelength.
/g3 /g20/g16/g20/g23/g3
Figure 1-12.—Wavelength measurement. Q21. What term is used to indicate the time of one complete cycle of a waveform? Q22. What is a positive alternation? Q23. /g58/g75/g68/g87/g3/g71/g82/g3/g87/g75/g72/g3/g83/g72/g85/g76/g82/g71/g3/g68/g81/g71/g3/g87/g75/g72/g3/g90/g68/g89/g72/g79/g72/g81/g74/g87/g75/g3/g82/g73/g3/g68/g3/g86/g76/g81/g72/g3/g90/g68/g89/g72/g3/g80/g72/g68/g86/g88/g85/g72/g15/g3/g85/g72/g86/g83/g72/g70/g87/g76/g89/g72/g79/g92/g34/g3 /g3 ALTERNATING CURRENT VALUES /g3 /g44/g81/g3/g71/g76/g86/g70/g88/g86/g86/g76/g81/g74/g3/g68/g79/g87/g72/g85/g81/g68/g87/g76/g81/g74/g3/g70/g88/g85/g85/g72/g81/g87/g3/g68/g81/g71/g3/g89/g82/g79/g87/g68/g74/g72/g15/g3/g92/g82/g88/g3/g90/g76/g79/g79/g3/g82/g73/g87/g72/g81/g3/g73/g76/g81/g71/g3/g76/g87/g3/g81/g72/g70/g72/g86/g86/g68/g85/g92/g3/g87/g82/g3/g72/g91/g83/g85/g72/g86/g86/g3/g87/g75/g72/g3/g70/g88/g85/g85/g72/g81/g87/g3 /g68/g81/g71/g3/g89/g82/g79/g87/g68/g74/g72/g3/g76/g81/g3/g87/g72/g85/g80/g86/g3/g82/g73/g3/g48/g36/g59/g44/g48/g56/g48/g3/g82/g85/g3/g51/g40/g36/g46/g3/g89/g68/g79/g88/g72/g86/g15/g3/g51/g40/g36/g46/g16/g87/g82/g16/g51/g40/g36/g46/g3/g89/g68/g79/g88/g72/g86/g15/g3/g40/g41/g41/g40/g38/g55/g44/g57/g40/g3/g89/g68/g79/g88/g72/g86/g15/g3 /g36/g57/g40/g53/g36/g42/g40/g3/g89/g68/g79/g88/g72/g86/g15/g3/g82/g85/g3/g44/g49/g54/g55/g36/g49/g55/g36/g49/g40/g50/g56/g54/g3/g89/g68/g79/g88/g72/g86/g17/g3/g40/g68/g70/g75/g3/g82/g73/g3/g87/g75/g72/g86/g72/g3/g89/g68/g79/g88/g72/g86/g3/g75/g68/g86/g3/g68/g3/g71/g76/g73/g73/g72/g85/g72/g81/g87/g3/g80/g72/g68/g81/g76/g81/g74/g3/g68/g81/g71/g3/g76/g86/g3 /g88/g86/g72/g71/g3/g87/g82/g3/g71/g72/g86/g70/g85/g76/g69/g72/g3/g68/g3/g71/g76/g73/g73/g72/g85/g72/g81/g87/g3/g68/g80/g82/g88/g81/g87/g3/g82/g73/g3/g70/g88/g85/g85/g72/g81/g87/g3/g82/g85/g3/g89/g82/g79/g87/g68/g74/g72/g17/g3 PEAK AND PEAK-TO-PEAK VALUES /g3 /g53/g72/g73/g72/g85/g3/g87/g82/g3/g73/g76/g74/g88/g85/g72/g3/g20/g16/g20/g22/g17/g3/g49/g82/g87/g76/g70/g72/g3/g76/g87/g3/g86/g75/g82/g90/g86/g3/g87/g75/g72/g3/g83/g82/g86/g76/g87/g76/g89/g72/g3/g68/g79/g87/g72/g85/g81/g68/g87/g76/g82/g81/g3/g82/g73/g3/g68/g3/g86/g76/g81/g72/g3/g90/g68/g89/g72/g3/g11/g68/g3/g75/g68/g79/g73/g16/g70/g92/g70/g79/g72/g3/g82/g73/g3/g68/g70/g12/g3/g68/g81/g71/g3/g68/g3 /g71/g70/g3/g90/g68/g89/g72/g73/g82/g85/g80/g3/g87/g75/g68/g87/g3/g82/g70/g70/g88/g85/g3/g86/g76/g80/g88/g79/g87/g68/g81/g72/g82/g88/g86/g79/g92/g17/g3/g49/g82/g87/g72/g3/g87/g75/g68/g87/g3/g87/g75/g72/g3/g71/g70/g3/g86/g87/g68/g85/g87/g86/g3/g68/g81/g71/g3/g86/g87/g82/g83/g86/g3/g68/g87/g3/g87/g75/g72/g3/g86/g68/g80/g72/g3/g80/g82/g80/g72/g81/g87/g3/g68/g86/g3/g71/g82/g72/g86/g3/g87/g75/g72/g3 /g83/g82/g86/g76/g87/g76/g89/g72/g3/g68/g79/g87/g72/g85/g81/g68/g87/g76/g82/g81/g15/g3/g68/g81/g71/g3/g87/g75/g68/g87/g3/g69/g82/g87/g75/g3/g90/g68/g89/g72/g73/g82/g85/g80/g86/g3/g85/g76/g86/g72/g3/g87/g82/g3/g87/g75/g72/g3/g86/g68/g80/g72/g3/g80/g68/g91/g76/g80/g88/g80/g3/g89/g68/g79/g88/g72/g17/g3/g43/g82/g90/g72/g89/g72/g85/g15/g3/g87/g75/g72/g3/g71/g70/g3/g89/g68/g79/g88/g72/g86/g3 /g68/g85/g72/g3/g74/g85/g72/g68/g87/g72/g85/g3/g87/g75/g68/g81/g3/g87/g75/g72/g3/g70/g82/g85/g85/g72/g86/g83/g82/g81/g71/g76/g81/g74/g3/g68/g70/g3/g89/g68/g79/g88/g72/g86/g3/g68/g87/g3/g68/g79/g79/g3/g83/g82/g76/g81/g87/g86/g3/g72/g91/g70/g72/g83/g87/g3/g87/g75/g72/g3/g83/g82/g76/g81/g87/g3/g68/g87/g3/g90/g75/g76/g70/g75/g3/g87/g75/g72/g3/g83/g82/g86/g76/g87/g76/g89/g72/g3/g68/g79/g87/g72/g85/g81/g68/g87/g76/g82/g81/g3 /g83/g68/g86/g86/g72/g86/g3/g87/g75/g85/g82/g88/g74/g75/g3/g76/g87/g86/g3/g80/g68/g91/g76/g80/g88/g80/g3/g89/g68/g79/g88/g72/g17/g3/g36/g87/g3/g87/g75/g76/g86/g3/g83/g82/g76/g81/g87/g3/g87/g75/g72/g3/g71/g70/g3/g68/g81/g71/g3/g68/g70/g3/g89/g68/g79/g88/g72/g86/g3/g68/g85/g72/g3/g72/g84/g88/g68/g79/g17/g3/g55/g75/g76/g86/g3/g83/g82/g76/g81/g87/g3/g82/g81/g3/g87/g75/g72/g3/g86/g76/g81/g72/g3 /g90/g68/g89/g72/g3/g76/g86/g3/g85/g72/g73/g72/g85/g85/g72/g71/g3/g87/g82/g3/g68/g86/g3/g87/g75/g72/g3/g80/g68/g91/g76/g80/g88/g80/g3/g82/g85/g3/g83/g72/g68/g78/g3/g89/g68/g79/g88/g72/g17/g3
Figure 1-13.—Maximum or peak value.
/g3 /g20/g16/g20/g24/g3 /g3 /g39/g88/g85/g76/g81/g74/g3/g72/g68/g70/g75/g3/g70/g82/g80/g83/g79/g72/g87/g72/g3/g70/g92/g70/g79/g72/g3/g82/g73/g3/g68/g70/g3/g87/g75/g72/g85/g72/g3/g68/g85/g72/g3/g68/g79/g90/g68/g92/g86/g3/g87/g90/g82/g3/g80/g68/g91/g76/g80/g88/g80/g3/g82/g85/g3/g83/g72/g68/g78/g3/g89/g68/g79/g88/g72/g86/g15/g3/g82/g81/g72/g3/g73/g82/g85/g3/g87/g75/g72/g3/g83/g82/g86/g76/g87/g76/g89/g72/g3 /g75/g68/g79/g73/g16/g70/g92/g70/g79/g72/g3/g68/g81/g71/g3/g87/g75/g72/g3/g82/g87/g75/g72/g85/g3/g73/g82/g85/g3/g87/g75/g72/g3/g81/g72/g74/g68/g87/g76/g89/g72/g3/g75/g68/g79/g73/g16/g70/g92/g70/g79/g72/g17/g3/g55/g75/g72/g3/g71/g76/g73/g73/g72/g85/g72/g81/g70/g72/g3/g69/g72/g87/g90/g72/g72/g81/g3/g87/g75/g72/g3/g83/g72/g68/g78/g3/g83/g82/g86/g76/g87/g76/g89/g72/g3/g89/g68/g79/g88/g72/g3/g68/g81/g71/g3 /g87/g75/g72/g3/g83/g72/g68/g78/g3/g81/g72/g74/g68/g87/g76/g89/g72/g3/g89/g68/g79/g88/g72/g3/g76/g86/g3/g70/g68/g79/g79/g72/g71/g3/g87/g75/g72/g3/g83/g72/g68/g78/g16/g87/g82/g16/g83/g72/g68/g78/g3/g89/g68/g79/g88/g72/g3/g82/g73/g3/g87/g75/g72/g3/g86/g76/g81/g72/g3/g90/g68/g89/g72/g17/g3/g55/g75/g76/g86/g3/g89/g68/g79/g88/g72/g3/g76/g86/g3/g87/g90/g76/g70/g72/g3/g87/g75/g72/g3 /g80/g68/g91/g76/g80/g88/g80/g3/g82/g85/g3/g83/g72/g68/g78/g3/g89/g68/g79/g88/g72/g3/g82/g73/g3/g87/g75/g72/g3/g86/g76/g81/g72/g3/g90/g68/g89/g72/g3/g68/g81/g71/g3/g76/g86/g3/g86/g82/g80/g72/g87/g76/g80/g72/g86/g3/g88/g86/g72/g71/g3/g73/g82/g85/g3/g80/g72/g68/g86/g88/g85/g72/g80/g72/g81/g87/g3/g82/g73/g3/g68/g70/g3/g89/g82/g79/g87/g68/g74/g72/g86/g17/g3/g49/g82/g87/g72/g3/g87/g75/g72/g3 /g71/g76/g73/g73/g72/g85/g72/g81/g70/g72/g3/g69/g72/g87/g90/g72/g72/g81/g3/g83/g72/g68/g78/g3/g68/g81/g71/g3/g83/g72/g68/g78/g16/g87/g82/g16/g83/g72/g68/g78/g3/g89/g68/g79/g88/g72/g86/g3/g76/g81/g3/g73/g76/g74/g88/g85/g72/g3/g20/g16/g20/g23/g17/g3/g56/g86/g88/g68/g79/g79/g92/g3/g68/g79/g87/g72/g85/g81/g68/g87/g76/g81/g74/g3/g89/g82/g79/g87/g68/g74/g72/g3/g68/g81/g71/g3/g70/g88/g85/g85/g72/g81/g87/g3 /g68/g85/g72/g3/g72/g91/g83/g85/g72/g86/g86/g72/g71/g3/g76/g81/g3/g40/g41/g41/g40/g38/g55/g44/g57/g40/g3/g57/g36/g47/g56/g40/g54/g3/g11/g68/g3/g87/g72/g85/g80/g3/g92/g82/g88/g3/g90/g76/g79/g79/g3/g86/g87/g88/g71/g92/g3/g79/g68/g87/g72/g85/g12/g3/g85/g68/g87/g75/g72/g85/g3/g87/g75/g68/g81/g3/g76/g81/g3/g83/g72/g68/g78/g16/g87/g82/g16/g83/g72/g68/g78/g3/g89/g68/g79/g88/g72/g86/g17/g3
Figure 1-14.—Peak and peak-to-peak values. Q24. What is meant by peak and peak-to-peak values of ac? Q25. How many times is the maximum or peak value of emf or current reached during one cycle of ac? INSTANTANEOUS VALUE /g3 /g55/g75/g72/g3/g44/g49/g54/g55/g36/g49/g55/g36/g49/g40/g50/g56/g54/g3/g89/g68/g79/g88/g72/g3/g82/g73/g3/g68/g81/g3/g68/g79/g87/g72/g85/g81/g68/g87/g76/g81/g74/g3/g89/g82/g79/g87/g68/g74/g72/g3/g82/g85/g3/g70/g88/g85/g85/g72/g81/g87/g3/g76/g86/g3/g87/g75/g72/g3/g89/g68/g79/g88/g72/g3/g82/g73/g3/g89/g82/g79/g87/g68/g74/g72/g3/g82/g85/g3/g70/g88/g85/g85/g72/g81/g87/g3 /g68/g87/g3/g82/g81/g72/g3/g83/g68/g85/g87/g76/g70/g88/g79/g68/g85/g3/g76/g81/g86/g87/g68/g81/g87/g17/g3/g55/g75/g72/g3/g89/g68/g79/g88/g72/g3/g80/g68/g92/g3/g69/g72/g3/g93/g72/g85/g82/g3/g76/g73/g3/g87/g75/g72/g3/g83/g68/g85/g87/g76/g70/g88/g79/g68/g85/g3/g76/g81/g86/g87/g68/g81/g87/g3/g76/g86/g3/g87/g75/g72/g3/g87/g76/g80/g72/g3/g76/g81/g3/g87/g75/g72/g3/g70/g92/g70/g79/g72/g3/g68/g87/g3/g90/g75/g76/g70/g75/g3 /g87/g75/g72/g3/g83/g82/g79/g68/g85/g76/g87/g92/g3/g82/g73/g3/g87/g75/g72/g3/g89/g82/g79/g87/g68/g74/g72/g3/g76/g86/g3/g70/g75/g68/g81/g74/g76/g81/g74/g17/g3/g44/g87/g3/g80/g68/g92/g3/g68/g79/g86/g82/g3/g69/g72/g3/g87/g75/g72/g3/g86/g68/g80/g72/g3/g68/g86/g3/g87/g75/g72/g3/g83/g72/g68/g78/g3/g89/g68/g79/g88/g72/g15/g3/g76/g73/g3/g87/g75/g72/g3/g86/g72/g79/g72/g70/g87/g72/g71/g3/g76/g81/g86/g87/g68/g81/g87/g3/g76/g86/g3 /g87/g75/g72/g3/g87/g76/g80/g72/g3/g76/g81/g3/g87/g75/g72/g3/g70/g92/g70/g79/g72/g3/g68/g87/g3/g90/g75/g76/g70/g75/g3/g87/g75/g72/g3/g89/g82/g79/g87/g68/g74/g72/g3/g82/g85/g3/g70/g88/g85/g85/g72/g81/g87/g3/g86/g87/g82/g83/g86/g3/g76/g81/g70/g85/g72/g68/g86/g76/g81/g74/g3/g68/g81/g71/g3/g86/g87/g68/g85/g87/g86/g3/g71/g72/g70/g85/g72/g68/g86/g76/g81/g74/g17/g3/g55/g75/g72/g85/g72/g3/g68/g85/g72/g3 /g68/g70/g87/g88/g68/g79/g79/g92/g3/g68/g81/g3/g76/g81/g73/g76/g81/g76/g87/g72/g3/g81/g88/g80/g69/g72/g85/g3/g82/g73/g3/g76/g81/g86/g87/g68/g81/g87/g68/g81/g72/g82/g88/g86/g3/g89/g68/g79/g88/g72/g86/g3/g69/g72/g87/g90/g72/g72/g81/g3/g93/g72/g85/g82/g3/g68/g81/g71/g3/g87/g75/g72/g3/g83/g72/g68/g78/g3/g89/g68/g79/g88/g72/g17/g3 AVERAGE VALUE /g3 /g55/g75/g72/g3/g36/g57/g40/g53/g36/g42/g40/g3/g89/g68/g79/g88/g72/g3/g82/g73/g3/g68/g81/g3/g68/g79/g87/g72/g85/g81/g68/g87/g76/g81/g74/g3/g70/g88/g85/g85/g72/g81/g87/g3/g82/g85/g3/g89/g82/g79/g87/g68/g74/g72/g3/g76/g86/g3/g87/g75/g72/g3/g68/g89/g72/g85/g68/g74/g72/g3/g82/g73/g3/g36/g47/g47/g3/g87/g75/g72/g3 /g44/g49/g54/g55/g36/g49/g55/g36/g49/g40/g50/g56/g54/g3/g89/g68/g79/g88/g72/g86/g3/g71/g88/g85/g76/g81/g74/g3/g50/g49/g40/g3/g68/g79/g87/g72/g85/g81/g68/g87/g76/g82/g81/g17/g3/g54/g76/g81/g70/g72/g3/g87/g75/g72/g3/g89/g82/g79/g87/g68/g74/g72/g3/g76/g81/g70/g85/g72/g68/g86/g72/g86/g3/g73/g85/g82/g80/g3/g93/g72/g85/g82/g3/g87/g82/g3/g83/g72/g68/g78/g3/g89/g68/g79/g88/g72/g3 /g68/g81/g71/g3/g71/g72/g70/g85/g72/g68/g86/g72/g86/g3/g69/g68/g70/g78/g3/g87/g82/g3/g93/g72/g85/g82/g3/g71/g88/g85/g76/g81/g74/g3/g82/g81/g72/g3/g68/g79/g87/g72/g85/g81/g68/g87/g76/g82/g81/g15/g3/g87/g75/g72/g3/g68/g89/g72/g85/g68/g74/g72/g3/g89/g68/g79/g88/g72/g3/g80/g88/g86/g87/g3/g69/g72/g3/g86/g82/g80/g72/g3/g89/g68/g79/g88/g72/g3/g69/g72/g87/g90/g72/g72/g81/g3/g87/g75/g82/g86/g72/g3 /g87/g90/g82/g3/g79/g76/g80/g76/g87/g86/g17/g3/g60/g82/g88/g3/g70/g82/g88/g79/g71/g3/g71/g72/g87/g72/g85/g80/g76/g81/g72/g3/g87/g75/g72/g3/g68/g89/g72/g85/g68/g74/g72/g3/g89/g68/g79/g88/g72/g3/g69/g92/g3/g68/g71/g71/g76/g81/g74/g3/g87/g82/g74/g72/g87/g75/g72/g85/g3/g68/g3/g86/g72/g85/g76/g72/g86/g3/g82/g73/g3/g76/g81/g86/g87/g68/g81/g87/g68/g81/g72/g82/g88/g86/g3/g89/g68/g79/g88/g72/g86/g3/g82/g73/g3 /g87/g75/g72/g3/g68/g79/g87/g72/g85/g81/g68/g87/g76/g82/g81/g3/g11/g69/g72/g87/g90/g72/g72/g81/g3/g19/g158 /g3/g68/g81/g71/g3/g20/g27/g19/g158 /g12/g15/g3/g68/g81/g71/g3/g87/g75/g72/g81/g3/g71/g76/g89/g76/g71/g76/g81/g74/g3/g87/g75/g72/g3/g86/g88/g80/g3/g69/g92/g3/g87/g75/g72/g3/g81/g88/g80/g69/g72/g85/g3/g82/g73/g3/g76/g81/g86/g87/g68/g81/g87/g68/g81/g72/g82/g88/g86/g3/g89/g68/g79/g88/g72/g86/g3 /g88/g86/g72/g71/g17/g3/g55/g75/g72/g3/g70/g82/g80/g83/g88/g87/g68/g87/g76/g82/g81/g3/g90/g82/g88/g79/g71/g3/g86/g75/g82/g90/g3/g87/g75/g68/g87/g3/g82/g81/g72/g3/g68/g79/g87/g72/g85/g81/g68/g87/g76/g82/g81/g3/g82/g73/g3/g68/g3/g86/g76/g81/g72/g3/g90/g68/g89/g72/g3/g75/g68/g86/g3/g68/g81/g3/g68/g89/g72/g85/g68/g74/g72/g3/g89/g68/g79/g88/g72/g3/g72/g84/g88/g68/g79/g3/g87/g82/g3 /g19/g17/g25/g22/g25/g3/g87/g76/g80/g72/g86/g3/g87/g75/g72/g3/g83/g72/g68/g78/g3/g89/g68/g79/g88/g72/g17/g3/g55/g75/g72/g3/g73/g82/g85/g80/g88/g79/g68/g3/g73/g82/g85/g3/g68/g89/g72/g85/g68/g74/g72/g3/g89/g82/g79/g87/g68/g74/g72/g3/g76/g86/g3 E avg = 0.636 × Emax /g90/g75/g72/g85/g72/g3/g40/g68/g89/g74/g3/g76/g86/g3/g87/g75/g72/g3/g68/g89/g72/g85/g68/g74/g72/g3/g89/g82/g79/g87/g68/g74/g72/g3/g82/g73/g3/g82/g81/g72/g3/g68/g79/g87/g72/g85/g81/g68/g87/g76/g82/g81/g15/g3/g68/g81/g71/g3/g40/g80/g68/g91/g3/g76/g86/g3/g87/g75/g72/g3/g80/g68/g91/g76/g80/g88/g80/g3/g82/g85/g3/g83/g72/g68/g78/g3/g89/g82/g79/g87/g68/g74/g72/g17/g3/g54/g76/g80/g76/g79/g68/g85/g79/g92/g15/g3 /g87/g75/g72/g3/g73/g82/g85/g80/g88/g79/g68/g3/g73/g82/g85/g3/g68/g89/g72/g85/g68/g74/g72/g3/g70/g88/g85/g85/g72/g81/g87/g3/g76/g86/g3
/g3 /g20/g16/g20/g25/g3 Iavg = 0.636 × Imax /g90/g75/g72/g85/g72/g3/g44/g68/g89/g74/g3/g76/g86/g3/g87/g75/g72/g3/g68/g89/g72/g85/g68/g74/g72/g3/g70/g88/g85/g85/g72/g81/g87/g3/g76/g81/g3/g82/g81/g72/g3/g68/g79/g87/g72/g85/g81/g68/g87/g76/g82/g81/g15/g3/g68/g81/g71/g3/g44/g80/g68/g91/g3/g76/g86/g3/g87/g75/g72/g3/g80/g68/g91/g76/g80/g88/g80/g3/g82/g85/g3/g83/g72/g68/g78/g3/g70/g88/g85/g85/g72/g81/g87/g17/g3 /g3 /g39/g82/g3/g81/g82/g87/g3/g70/g82/g81/g73/g88/g86/g72/g3/g87/g75/g72/g3/g68/g69/g82/g89/g72/g3/g71/g72/g73/g76/g81/g76/g87/g76/g82/g81/g3/g82/g73/g3/g68/g81/g3/g68/g89/g72/g85/g68/g74/g72/g3/g89/g68/g79/g88/g72/g3/g90/g76/g87/g75/g3/g87/g75/g68/g87/g3/g82/g73/g3/g87/g75/g72/g3/g68/g89/g72/g85/g68/g74/g72/g3/g89/g68/g79/g88/g72/g3/g82/g73/g3/g68/g3/g70/g82/g80/g83/g79/g72/g87/g72/g3 /g70/g92/g70/g79/g72/g17/g3/g37/g72/g70/g68/g88/g86/g72/g3/g87/g75/g72/g3/g89/g82/g79/g87/g68/g74/g72/g3/g76/g86/g3/g83/g82/g86/g76/g87/g76/g89/g72/g3/g71/g88/g85/g76/g81/g74/g3/g82/g81/g72/g3/g68/g79/g87/g72/g85/g81/g68/g87/g76/g82/g81/g3/g68/g81/g71/g3/g81/g72/g74/g68/g87/g76/g89/g72/g3/g71/g88/g85/g76/g81/g74/g3/g87/g75/g72/g3/g82/g87/g75/g72/g85/g3/g68/g79/g87/g72/g85/g81/g68/g87/g76/g82/g81/g15/g3/g87/g75/g72/g3 /g68/g89/g72/g85/g68/g74/g72/g3/g89/g68/g79/g88/g72/g3/g82/g73/g3/g87/g75/g72/g3/g89/g82/g79/g87/g68/g74/g72/g3/g89/g68/g79/g88/g72/g86/g3/g82/g70/g70/g88/g85/g85/g76/g81/g74/g3/g71/g88/g85/g76/g81/g74/g3/g87/g75/g72/g3/g70/g82/g80/g83/g79/g72/g87/g72/g3/g70/g92/g70/g79/g72/g3/g76/g86/g3/g93/g72/g85/g82 /g17/g3 Q26. If any point on a sine wave is selected at random and the value of the current or voltage is measured at that one particular moment, what value is being measured? Q27. What value of current or voltage is computed by averaging all of the instantaneous values during the negative alternation of a sine wave? Q28. What is the average value of all of the instantaneous currents or voltages occurring during one complete cycle of a sine wave? Q29. What mathematical formulas are used to find the average value of current and average value of voltage of a sine wave? Q30. If E max is 115 volts, what is Eavg? Q31. If I avg is 1.272 ampere, what is Imax? EFFECTIVE VALUE OF A SINE WAVE /g3/g40/g80/g68/g91/g15/g3/g40/g68/g89/g74/g15/g3/g44/g3/g80/g68/g91/g15/g3/g68/g81/g71/g3/g44/g68/g89/g74/g3/g68/g85/g72/g3/g89/g68/g79/g88/g72/g86/g3/g88/g86/g72/g71/g3/g76/g81/g3/g68/g70/g3/g80/g72/g68/g86/g88/g85/g72/g80/g72/g81/g87/g86/g17/g3/g36/g81/g82/g87/g75/g72/g85/g3/g89/g68/g79/g88/g72/g3/g88/g86/g72/g71/g3/g76/g86/g3/g87/g75/g72/g3/g40/g41/g41/g40/g38/g55/g44/g57/g40/g3 /g89/g68/g79/g88/g72/g3/g82/g73/g3/g68/g70/g3/g55/g75/g76/g86/g3/g76/g86/g3/g87/g75/g72/g3/g89/g68/g79/g88/g72/g3/g82/g73/g3/g68/g79/g87/g72/g85/g81/g68/g87/g76/g81/g74/g3/g89/g82/g79/g87/g68/g74/g72/g3/g82/g85/g3/g70/g88/g85/g85/g72/g81/g87/g3/g87/g75/g68/g87/g3/g90/g76/g79/g79/g3/g75/g68/g89/g72/g3/g87/g75/g72/g3/g86/g68/g80/g72/g3/g72/g73/g73/g72/g70/g87/g3/g82/g81/g3/g68/g3/g85/g72/g86/g76/g86/g87/g68/g81/g70/g72/g3 /g68/g86/g3/g68/g3/g70/g82/g80/g83/g68/g85/g68/g69/g79/g72/g3/g89/g68/g79/g88/g72/g3/g82/g73/g3/g71/g76/g85/g72/g70/g87/g3/g89/g82/g79/g87/g68/g74/g72/g3/g82/g85/g3/g70/g88/g85/g85/g72/g81/g87/g3/g90/g76/g79/g79/g3/g75/g68/g89/g72/g3/g82/g81/g3/g87/g75/g72/g3/g86/g68/g80/g72/g3/g85/g72/g86/g76/g86/g87/g68/g81/g70/g72/g17/g3 /g3 /g44/g81/g3/g68/g81/g3/g72/g68/g85/g79/g76/g72/g85/g3/g71/g76/g86/g70/g88/g86/g86/g76/g82/g81/g3/g92/g82/g88/g3/g90/g72/g85/g72/g3/g87/g82/g79/g71/g3/g87/g75/g68/g87/g3/g90/g75/g72/g81/g3/g70/g88/g85/g85/g72/g81/g87/g3/g73/g79/g82/g90/g86/g3/g76/g81/g3/g68/g3/g85/g72/g86/g76/g86/g87/g68/g81/g70/g72/g15/g3/g75/g72/g68/g87/g3/g76/g86/g3/g83/g85/g82/g71/g88/g70/g72/g71/g17/g3/g58/g75/g72/g81/g3 /g71/g76/g85/g72/g70/g87/g3/g70/g88/g85/g85/g72/g81/g87/g3/g73/g79/g82/g90/g86/g3/g76/g81/g3/g68/g3/g85/g72/g86/g76/g86/g87/g68/g81/g70/g72/g15/g3/g87/g75/g72/g3/g68/g80/g82/g88/g81/g87/g3/g82/g73/g3/g72/g79/g72/g70/g87/g85/g76/g70/g68/g79/g3/g83/g82/g90/g72/g85/g3/g70/g82/g81/g89/g72/g85/g87/g72/g71/g3/g76/g81/g87/g82/g3/g75/g72/g68/g87/g3/g72/g84/g88/g68/g79/g86/g3/g44/g21/g53/g3/g90/g68/g87/g87/g86/g17/g3 /g43/g82/g90/g72/g89/g72/g85/g15/g3/g86/g76/g81/g70/g72/g3/g68/g81/g3/g68/g79/g87/g72/g85/g81/g68/g87/g76/g81/g74/g3/g70/g88/g85/g85/g72/g81/g87/g3/g75/g68/g89/g76/g81/g74/g3/g68/g3/g80/g68/g91/g76/g80/g88/g80/g3/g89/g68/g79/g88/g72/g3/g82/g73/g3/g20/g3/g68/g80/g83/g72/g85/g72/g3/g71/g82/g72/g86/g3/g81/g82/g87/g3/g80/g68/g76/g81/g87/g68/g76/g81/g3/g68/g3/g70/g82/g81/g86/g87/g68/g81/g87/g3 /g89/g68/g79/g88/g72/g15/g3/g87/g75/g72/g3/g68/g79/g87/g72/g85/g81/g68/g87/g76/g81/g74/g3/g70/g88/g85/g85/g72/g81/g87/g3/g90/g76/g79/g79/g3/g81/g82/g87/g3/g83/g85/g82/g71/g88/g70/g72/g3/g68/g86/g3/g80/g88/g70/g75/g3/g75/g72/g68/g87/g3/g76/g81/g3/g87/g75/g72/g3/g85/g72/g86/g76/g86/g87/g68/g81/g70/g72/g3/g68/g86/g3/g90/g76/g79/g79/g3/g68/g3/g71/g76/g85/g72/g70/g87/g3/g70/g88/g85/g85/g72/g81/g87/g3/g82/g73/g3/g20/g3 /g68/g80/g83/g72/g85/g72/g17/g3 /g3 /g41/g76/g74/g88/g85/g72/g3/g20/g16/g20/g24/g3/g70/g82/g80/g83/g68/g85/g72/g86/g3/g87/g75/g72/g3/g75/g72/g68/g87/g76/g81/g74/g3/g72/g73/g73/g72/g70/g87/g3/g82/g73/g3/g20/g3/g68/g80/g83/g72/g85/g72/g3/g82/g73/g3/g71/g70/g3/g87/g82/g3/g87/g75/g72/g3/g75/g72/g68/g87/g76/g81/g74/g3/g72/g73/g73/g72/g70/g87/g3/g82/g73/g3/g20/g3/g68/g80/g83/g72/g85/g72/g3/g82/g73/g3/g68/g70/g17/g3
Figure 1-15.—Heating effect of ac and dc.
/g3 /g20/g16/g20/g26/g3 /g3 /g40/g91/g68/g80/g76/g81/g72/g3/g89/g76/g72/g90/g86/g3/g36/g3/g68/g81/g71/g3/g37/g3/g82/g73/g3/g73/g76/g74/g88/g85/g72/g3/g20/g16/g20/g24/g3/g68/g81/g71/g3/g81/g82/g87/g76/g70/g72/g3/g87/g75/g68/g87/g3/g87/g75/g72/g3/g75/g72/g68/g87/g3/g11/g26/g19/g17/g26/g158 /g38/g12/g3/g83/g85/g82/g71/g88/g70/g72/g71/g3/g69/g92/g3/g20/g3/g68/g80/g83/g72/g85/g72/g3/g82/g73/g3 /g68/g79/g87/g72/g85/g81/g68/g87/g76/g81/g74/g3/g70/g88/g85/g85/g72/g81/g87/g3/g11/g87/g75/g68/g87/g3/g76/g86/g15/g3/g68/g81/g3/g68/g70/g3/g90/g76/g87/g75/g3/g68/g3/g80/g68/g91/g76/g80/g88/g80/g3/g89/g68/g79/g88/g72/g3/g82/g73/g3/g20/g3/g68/g80/g83/g72/g85/g72/g12/g3/g76/g86/g3/g82/g81/g79/g92/g3/g26/g19/g17/g26/g3/g83/g72/g85/g70/g72/g81/g87/g3/g82/g73/g3/g87/g75/g72/g3/g75/g72/g68/g87/g3 /g11/g20/g19/g19/g158/g3/g38/g12/g3/g83/g85/g82/g71/g88/g70/g72/g71/g3/g69/g92/g3/g20/g3/g68/g80/g83/g72/g85/g72/g3/g82/g73/g3/g71/g76/g85/g72/g70/g87/g3/g70/g88/g85/g85/g72/g81/g87/g17/g3/g48/g68/g87/g75/g72/g80/g68/g87/g76/g70/g68/g79/g79/g92/g15/g3
/g55/g75/g72/g85/g72/g73/g82/g85/g72/g15/g3/g73/g82/g85/g3/g72/g73/g73/g72/g70/g87/g76/g89/g72/g3/g89/g68/g79/g88/g72/g3/g82/g73/g3/g68/g70/g3/g11/g44/g3/g72/g73/g73/g12/g3/g32/g3/g19/g17/g26/g19/g26/g3×/g3/g44/g80/g68/g91/g17/g3 /g3 /g55/g75/g72/g3/g85/g68/g87/g72/g3/g68/g87/g3/g90/g75/g76/g70/g75/g3/g75/g72/g68/g87/g3/g76/g86/g3/g83/g85/g82/g71/g88/g70/g72/g71/g3/g76/g81/g3/g68/g3/g85/g72/g86/g76/g86/g87/g68/g81/g70/g72/g3/g73/g82/g85/g80/g86/g3/g68/g3/g70/g82/g81/g89/g72/g81/g76/g72/g81/g87/g3/g69/g68/g86/g76/g86/g3/g73/g82/g85/g3/g72/g86/g87/g68/g69/g79/g76/g86/g75/g76/g81/g74/g3/g68/g81/g3 /g72/g73/g73/g72/g70/g87/g76/g89/g72/g3/g89/g68/g79/g88/g72/g3/g82/g73/g3/g68/g79/g87/g72/g85/g81/g68/g87/g76/g81/g74/g3/g70/g88/g85/g85/g72/g81/g87/g15/g3/g68/g81/g71/g3/g76/g86/g3/g78/g81/g82/g90/g81/g3/g68/g86/g3/g87/g75/g72/g3/g5/g75/g72/g68/g87/g76/g81/g74/g3/g72/g73/g73/g72/g70/g87/g5/g3/g80/g72/g87/g75/g82/g71/g17/g3/g36/g81/g3/g68/g79/g87/g72/g85/g81/g68/g87/g76/g81/g74/g3/g70/g88/g85/g85/g72/g81/g87/g3 /g76/g86/g3/g86/g68/g76/g71/g3/g87/g82/g3/g75/g68/g89/g72/g3/g68/g81/g3/g72/g73/g73/g72/g70/g87/g76/g89/g72/g3/g89/g68/g79/g88/g72/g3/g82/g73/g3/g82/g81/g72/g3/g68/g80/g83/g72/g85/g72/g3/g90/g75/g72/g81/g3/g76/g87/g3/g83/g85/g82/g71/g88/g70/g72/g86/g3/g75/g72/g68/g87/g3/g76/g81/g3/g68/g3/g74/g76/g89/g72/g81/g3/g85/g72/g86/g76/g86/g87/g68/g81/g70/g72/g3/g68/g87/g3/g87/g75/g72/g3/g86/g68/g80/g72/g3 /g85/g68/g87/g72/g3/g68/g86/g3/g71/g82/g72/g86/g3/g82/g81/g72/g3/g68/g80/g83/g72/g85/g72/g3/g82/g73/g3/g71/g76/g85/g72/g70/g87/g3/g70/g88/g85/g85/g72/g81/g87/g17/g3 /g3 /g60/g82/g88/g3/g70/g68/g81/g3/g70/g82/g80/g83/g88/g87/g72/g3/g87/g75/g72/g3/g72/g73/g73/g72/g70/g87/g76/g89/g72/g3/g89/g68/g79/g88/g72/g3/g82/g73/g3/g68/g3/g86/g76/g81/g72/g3/g90/g68/g89/g72/g3/g82/g73/g3/g70/g88/g85/g85/g72/g81/g87/g3/g87/g82/g3/g68/g3/g73/g68/g76/g85/g3/g71/g72/g74/g85/g72/g72/g3/g82/g73/g3/g68/g70/g70/g88/g85/g68/g70/g92/g3/g69/g92/g3/g87/g68/g78/g76/g81/g74/g3 /g72/g84/g88/g68/g79/g79/g92/g16/g86/g83/g68/g70/g72/g71/g3/g76/g81/g86/g87/g68/g81/g87/g68/g81/g72/g82/g88/g86/g3/g89/g68/g79/g88/g72/g86/g3/g82/g73/g3/g70/g88/g85/g85/g72/g81/g87/g3/g68/g79/g82/g81/g74/g3/g87/g75/g72/g3/g70/g88/g85/g89/g72/g3/g68/g81/g71/g3/g72/g91/g87/g85/g68/g70/g87/g76/g81/g74/g3/g87/g75/g72/g3/g86/g84/g88/g68/g85/g72/g3/g85/g82/g82/g87/g3/g82/g73/g3/g87/g75/g72/g3 /g68/g89/g72/g85/g68/g74/g72/g3/g82/g73/g3/g87/g75/g72/g3/g86/g88/g80/g3/g82/g73/g3/g87/g75/g72/g3/g86/g84/g88/g68/g85/g72/g71/g3/g89/g68/g79/g88/g72/g86/g17/g3 /g3 /g41/g82/g85/g3/g87/g75/g76/g86/g3/g85/g72/g68/g86/g82/g81/g15/g3/g87/g75/g72/g3/g72/g73/g73/g72/g70/g87/g76/g89/g72/g3/g89/g68/g79/g88/g72/g3/g76/g86/g3/g82/g73/g87/g72/g81/g3/g70/g68/g79/g79/g72/g71/g3/g87/g75/g72/g3/g5/g85/g82/g82/g87/g16/g80/g72/g68/g81/g16/g86/g84/g88/g68/g85/g72/g5/g3/g11/g85/g80/g86/g12/g3/g89/g68/g79/g88/g72/g17/g3/g55/g75/g88/g86/g15/g3
/g3 /g54/g87/g68/g87/g72/g71/g3/g68/g81/g82/g87/g75/g72/g85/g3/g90/g68/g92/g15/g3/g87/g75/g72/g3/g72/g73/g73/g72/g70/g87/g76/g89/g72/g3/g82/g85/g3/g85/g80/g86/g3/g89/g68/g79/g88/g72/g3/g11/g44/g72/g73/g73/g12/g3/g82/g73/g3/g68/g3/g86/g76/g81/g72/g3/g90/g68/g89/g72/g3/g82/g73/g3/g70/g88/g85/g85/g72/g81/g87/g3/g76/g86/g3/g19/g17/g26/g19/g26/g3/g87/g76/g80/g72/g86/g3/g87/g75/g72/g3 /g80/g68/g91/g76/g80/g88/g80/g3/g89/g68/g79/g88/g72/g3/g82/g73/g3/g70/g88/g85/g85/g72/g81/g87/g3/g11/g44/g80/g68/g91/g12/g17/g3/g55/g75/g88/g86/g15/g3/g44/g3/g72/g73/g73/g3/g32/g3/g19/g17/g26/g19/g26/g3×/g3/g44/g80/g68/g91/g17/g3/g58/g75/g72/g81/g3/g44/g3/g72/g73/g73/g3/g76/g86/g3/g78/g81/g82/g90/g81/g15/g3/g92/g82/g88/g3/g70/g68/g81/g3/g73/g76/g81/g71/g3/g44/g80/g68/g91/g3/g69/g92/g3/g88/g86/g76/g81/g74/g3 /g87/g75/g72/g3/g73/g82/g85/g80/g88/g79/g68/g3/g44/g80/g68/g91/g3/g32/g3/g20/g17/g23/g20/g23/g3×/g3/g44/g72/g73/g73/g17/g3/g60/g82/g88/g3/g80/g76/g74/g75/g87/g3/g90/g82/g81/g71/g72/g85/g3/g90/g75/g72/g85/g72/g3/g87/g75/g72/g3/g70/g82/g81/g86/g87/g68/g81/g87/g3/g20/g17/g23/g20/g23/g3/g70/g82/g80/g72/g86/g3/g73/g85/g82/g80/g17/g3/g55/g82/g3/g73/g76/g81/g71/g3/g82/g88/g87/g15/g3 /g72/g91/g68/g80/g76/g81/g72/g3/g73/g76/g74/g88/g85/g72/g3/g20/g16/g20/g24/g3/g68/g74/g68/g76/g81/g3/g68/g81/g71/g3/g85/g72/g68/g71/g3/g87/g75/g72/g3/g73/g82/g79/g79/g82/g90/g76/g81/g74/g3/g72/g91/g83/g79/g68/g81/g68/g87/g76/g82/g81/g17/g3/g36/g86/g86/g88/g80/g72/g3/g87/g75/g68/g87/g3/g87/g75/g72/g3/g71/g70/g3/g76/g81/g3/g73/g76/g74/g88/g85/g72/g3/g20/g16/g20/g24/g11/g36/g12/g3/g76/g86/g3 /g80/g68/g76/g81/g87/g68/g76/g81/g72/g71/g3/g68/g87/g3/g20/g3/g68/g80/g83/g72/g85/g72/g3/g68/g81/g71/g3/g87/g75/g72/g3/g85/g72/g86/g76/g86/g87/g82/g85/g3/g87/g72/g80/g83/g72/g85/g68/g87/g88/g85/g72/g3/g68/g87/g3/g20/g19/g19/g158/g3/g38/g17/g3/g36/g79/g86/g82/g3/g68/g86/g86/g88/g80/g72/g3/g87/g75/g68/g87/g3/g87/g75/g72/g3/g68/g70/g3/g76/g81/g3/g73/g76/g74/g88/g85/g72/g3/g20/g16/g20/g24/g11/g37/g12/g3 /g76/g86/g3/g76/g81/g70/g85/g72/g68/g86/g72/g71/g3/g88/g81/g87/g76/g79/g3/g87/g75/g72/g3/g87/g72/g80/g83/g72/g85/g68/g87/g88/g85/g72/g3/g82/g73/g3/g87/g75/g72/g3/g85/g72/g86/g76/g86/g87/g82/g85/g3/g76/g86/g3/g20/g19/g19/g158 /g3/g38/g17/g3/g36/g87/g3/g87/g75/g76/g86/g3/g83/g82/g76/g81/g87/g3/g76/g87/g3/g76/g86/g3/g73/g82/g88/g81/g71/g3/g87/g75/g68/g87/g3/g68/g3/g80/g68/g91/g76/g80/g88/g80/g3/g68/g70/g3 /g89/g68/g79/g88/g72/g3/g82/g73/g3/g20/g17/g23/g20/g23/g3/g68/g80/g83/g72/g85/g72/g86/g3/g76/g86/g3/g85/g72/g84/g88/g76/g85/g72/g71/g3/g76/g81/g3/g82/g85/g71/g72/g85/g3/g87/g82/g3/g75/g68/g89/g72/g3/g87/g75/g72/g3/g86/g68/g80/g72/g3/g75/g72/g68/g87/g76/g81/g74/g3/g72/g73/g73/g72/g70/g87/g3/g68/g86/g3/g71/g76/g85/g72/g70/g87/g3/g70/g88/g85/g85/g72/g81/g87/g17/g3/g55/g75/g72/g85/g72/g73/g82/g85/g72/g15/g3/g76/g81/g3 /g87/g75/g72/g3/g68/g70/g3/g70/g76/g85/g70/g88/g76/g87/g3/g87/g75/g72/g3/g80/g68/g91/g76/g80/g88/g80/g3/g70/g88/g85/g85/g72/g81/g87/g3/g85/g72/g84/g88/g76/g85/g72/g71/g3/g76/g86/g3/g20/g17/g23/g20/g23/g3/g87/g76/g80/g72/g86/g3/g87/g75/g72/g3/g72/g73/g73/g72/g70/g87/g76/g89/g72/g3/g70/g88/g85/g85/g72/g81/g87/g17/g3/g44/g87/g3/g76/g86/g3/g76/g80/g83/g82/g85/g87/g68/g81/g87/g3/g73/g82/g85/g3/g92/g82/g88/g3/g87/g82/g3 /g85/g72/g80/g72/g80/g69/g72/g85/g3/g87/g75/g72/g3/g68/g69/g82/g89/g72/g3/g85/g72/g79/g68/g87/g76/g82/g81/g86/g75/g76/g83/g3/g68/g81/g71/g3/g87/g75/g68/g87/g3/g87/g75/g72/g3/g72/g73/g73/g72/g70/g87/g76/g89/g72/g3/g89/g68/g79/g88/g72/g3/g11/g44/g3/g72/g73/g73/g12/g3/g82/g73/g3/g68/g81/g92/g3/g86/g76/g81/g72/g3/g90/g68/g89/g72/g3/g82/g73/g3/g70/g88/g85/g85/g72/g81/g87/g3/g76/g86/g3/g68/g79/g90/g68/g92/g86/g3 /g19/g17/g26/g19/g26/g3/g87/g76/g80/g72/g86/g3/g87/g75/g72/g3/g80/g68/g91/g76/g80/g88/g80/g3/g89/g68/g79/g88/g72/g3/g11/g44/g80/g68/g91/g12/g17/g3 /g3 /g54/g76/g81/g70/g72/g3/g68/g79/g87/g72/g85/g81/g68/g87/g76/g81/g74/g3/g70/g88/g85/g85/g72/g81/g87/g3/g76/g86/g3/g70/g68/g88/g86/g72/g71/g3/g69/g92/g3/g68/g81/g3/g68/g79/g87/g72/g85/g81/g68/g87/g76/g81/g74/g3/g89/g82/g79/g87/g68/g74/g72/g15/g3/g87/g75/g72/g3/g85/g68/g87/g76/g82/g3/g82/g73/g3/g87/g75/g72/g3/g72/g73/g73/g72/g70/g87/g76/g89/g72/g3/g89/g68/g79/g88/g72/g3/g82/g73/g3 /g89/g82/g79/g87/g68/g74/g72/g3/g87/g82/g3/g87/g75/g72/g3/g80/g68/g91/g76/g80/g88/g80/g3/g89/g68/g79/g88/g72/g3/g82/g73/g3/g89/g82/g79/g87/g68/g74/g72/g3/g76/g86/g3/g87/g75/g72/g3/g86/g68/g80/g72/g3/g68/g86/g3/g87/g75/g72/g3/g85/g68/g87/g76/g82/g3/g82/g73/g3/g87/g75/g72/g3/g72/g73/g73/g72/g70/g87/g76/g89/g72/g3/g89/g68/g79/g88/g72/g3/g82/g73/g3/g70/g88/g85/g85/g72/g81/g87/g3/g87/g82/g3/g87/g75/g72/g3 /g80/g68/g91/g76/g80/g88/g80/g3/g89/g68/g79/g88/g72/g3/g82/g73/g3/g70/g88/g85/g85/g72/g81/g87/g17/g3/g54/g87/g68/g87/g72/g71/g3/g68/g81/g82/g87/g75/g72/g85/g3/g90/g68/g92/g15/g3/g87/g75/g72/g3/g72/g73/g73/g72/g70/g87/g76/g89/g72/g3/g82/g85/g3/g85/g80/g86/g3/g89/g68/g79/g88/g72/g3/g11/g40 /g3/g72/g73/g73/g12/g3/g82/g73/g3/g68/g3/g86/g76/g81/g72/g16/g90/g68/g89/g72/g3/g82/g73/g3/g89/g82/g79/g87/g68/g74/g72/g3 /g76/g86/g3/g19/g17/g26/g19/g26/g3/g87/g76/g80/g72/g86/g3/g87/g75/g72/g3/g80/g68/g91/g76/g80/g88/g80/g3/g89/g68/g79/g88/g72/g3/g82/g73/g3/g89/g82/g79/g87/g68/g74/g72/g3/g11/g40/g80/g68/g91/g12/g15/g3
/g3 /g20/g16/g20/g27/g3
/g3 /g58/g75/g72/g81/g3/g68/g81/g3/g68/g79/g87/g72/g85/g81/g68/g87/g76/g81/g74/g3/g70/g88/g85/g85/g72/g81/g87/g3/g82/g85/g3/g89/g82/g79/g87/g68/g74/g72/g3/g89/g68/g79/g88/g72/g3/g76/g86/g3/g86/g83/g72/g70/g76/g73/g76/g72/g71/g3/g76/g81/g3/g68/g3/g69/g82/g82/g78/g3/g82/g85/g3/g82/g81/g3/g68/g3/g71/g76/g68/g74/g85/g68/g80/g15/g3/g87/g75/g72/g3/g89/g68/g79/g88/g72/g3/g76/g86/g3/g68/g81/g3 /g72/g73/g73/g72/g70/g87/g76/g89/g72/g3/g89/g68/g79/g88/g72/g3/g88/g81/g79/g72/g86/g86/g3/g87/g75/g72/g85/g72/g3/g76/g86/g3/g68/g3/g71/g72/g73/g76/g81/g76/g87/g72/g3/g86/g87/g68/g87/g72/g80/g72/g81/g87/g3/g87/g82/g3/g87/g75/g72/g3/g70/g82/g81/g87/g85/g68/g85/g92/g17/g3/g53/g72/g80/g72/g80/g69/g72/g85/g3/g87/g75/g68/g87/g3/g68/g79/g79/g3/g80/g72/g87/g72/g85/g86/g15/g3/g88/g81/g79/g72/g86/g86/g3 /g80/g68/g85/g78/g72/g71/g3/g87/g82/g3/g87/g75/g72/g3/g70/g82/g81/g87/g85/g68/g85/g92/g15/g3/g68/g85/g72/g3/g70/g68/g79/g76/g69/g85/g68/g87/g72/g71/g3/g87/g82/g3/g76/g81/g71/g76/g70/g68/g87/g72/g3/g72/g73/g73/g72/g70/g87/g76/g89/g72/g3/g89/g68/g79/g88/g72/g86/g3/g82/g73/g3/g70/g88/g85/g85/g72/g81/g87/g3/g68/g81/g71/g3/g89/g82/g79/g87/g68/g74/g72/g17/g3 /g3 /g51/g85/g82/g69/g79/g72/g80/g29/g3/g36/g3/g70/g76/g85/g70/g88/g76/g87/g3/g76/g86/g3/g78/g81/g82/g90/g81/g3/g87/g82/g3/g75/g68/g89/g72/g3/g68/g81/g3/g68/g79/g87/g72/g85/g81/g68/g87/g76/g81/g74/g3/g89/g82/g79/g87/g68/g74/g72/g3/g82/g73/g3/g20/g21/g19/g3/g89/g82/g79/g87/g86/g3/g68/g81/g71/g3/g68/g3/g83/g72/g68/g78/g3/g82/g85/g3/g80/g68/g91/g76/g80/g88/g80/g3 /g70/g88/g85/g85/g72/g81/g87/g3/g82/g73/g3/g22/g19/g3/g68/g80/g83/g72/g85/g72/g86/g17/g3/g58/g75/g68/g87/g3/g68/g85/g72/g3/g87/g75/g72/g3/g83/g72/g68/g78/g3/g89/g82/g79/g87/g68/g74/g72/g3/g68/g81/g71/g3/g72/g73/g73/g72/g70/g87/g76/g89/g72/g3/g70/g88/g85/g85/g72/g81/g87/g3/g89/g68/g79/g88/g72/g86/g34/g3 /g3
/g3 /g41/g76/g74/g88/g85/g72/g3/g20/g16/g20/g25/g3/g86/g75/g82/g90/g86/g3/g87/g75/g72/g3/g85/g72/g79/g68/g87/g76/g82/g81/g86/g75/g76/g83/g3/g69/g72/g87/g90/g72/g72/g81/g3/g87/g75/g72/g3/g89/g68/g85/g76/g82/g88/g86/g3/g89/g68/g79/g88/g72/g86/g3/g88/g86/g72/g71/g3/g87/g82/g3/g76/g81/g71/g76/g70/g68/g87/g72/g3/g86/g76/g81/g72/g16/g90/g68/g89/g72/g3/g68/g80/g83/g79/g76/g87/g88/g71/g72/g17/g3 /g53/g72/g89/g76/g72/g90/g3/g87/g75/g72/g3/g89/g68/g79/g88/g72/g86/g3/g76/g81/g3/g87/g75/g72/g3/g73/g76/g74/g88/g85/g72/g3/g87/g82/g3/g72/g81/g86/g88/g85/g72/g3/g92/g82/g88/g3/g88/g81/g71/g72/g85/g86/g87/g68/g81/g71/g3/g90/g75/g68/g87/g3/g72/g68/g70/g75/g3/g89/g68/g79/g88/g72/g3/g76/g81/g71/g76/g70/g68/g87/g72/g86/g17/g3
/g3 /g20/g16/g20/g28/g3
Figure 1-16.—Various values used to indicate sine-wave amplitude. Q32. What is the most convenient basis for comparing alternating and direct voltages and currents? Q33. What value of ac is used as a comparison to dc? Q34. What is the formula for finding the effective value of an alternating current? Q35. If the peak value of a sine wave is 1,000 volts, what is the effective (E eff) value? Q36. If I eff = 4.25 ampere, what is Imax? SINE WAVES IN PHASE /g3 /g58/g75/g72/g81/g3/g68/g3/g86/g76/g81/g72/g3/g90/g68/g89/g72/g3/g82/g73/g3/g89/g82/g79/g87/g68/g74/g72/g3/g76/g86/g3/g68/g83/g83/g79/g76/g72/g71/g3/g87/g82/g3/g68/g3/g85/g72/g86/g76/g86/g87/g68/g81/g70/g72/g15/g3/g87/g75/g72/g3/g85/g72/g86/g88/g79/g87/g76/g81/g74/g3/g70/g88/g85/g85/g72/g81/g87/g3/g76/g86/g3/g68/g79/g86/g82/g3/g68/g3/g86/g76/g81/g72/g3/g90/g68/g89/g72/g17/g3/g55/g75/g76/g86/g3 /g73/g82/g79/g79/g82/g90/g86/g3/g50/g75/g80/g10/g86/g3/g79/g68/g90/g3/g90/g75/g76/g70/g75/g3/g86/g87/g68/g87/g72/g86/g3/g87/g75/g68/g87/g3/g70/g88/g85/g85/g72/g81/g87/g3/g76/g86/g3/g71/g76/g85/g72/g70/g87/g79/g92/g3/g83/g85/g82/g83/g82/g85/g87/g76/g82/g81/g68/g79/g3/g87/g82/g3/g87/g75/g72/g3/g68/g83/g83/g79/g76/g72/g71/g3/g89/g82/g79/g87/g68/g74/g72/g17/g3/g49/g82/g90/g3/g72/g91/g68/g80/g76/g81/g72/g3 /g73/g76/g74/g88/g85/g72/g3/g20/g16/g20/g26/g17/g3/g49/g82/g87/g76/g70/g72/g3/g87/g75/g68/g87/g3/g87/g75/g72/g3/g86/g76/g81/g72/g3/g90/g68/g89/g72/g3/g82/g73/g3/g89/g82/g79/g87/g68/g74/g72/g3/g68/g81/g71/g3/g87/g75/g72/g3/g85/g72/g86/g88/g79/g87/g76/g81/g74/g3/g86/g76/g81/g72/g3/g90/g68/g89/g72/g3/g82/g73/g3/g70/g88/g85/g85/g72/g81/g87/g3/g68/g85/g72/g3/g86/g88/g83/g72/g85/g76/g80/g83/g82/g86/g72/g71/g3 /g82/g81/g3/g87/g75/g72/g3/g86/g68/g80/g72/g3/g87/g76/g80/g72/g3/g68/g91/g76/g86/g17/g3/g49/g82/g87/g76/g70/g72/g3/g68/g79/g86/g82/g3/g87/g75/g68/g87/g3/g68/g86/g3/g87/g75/g72/g3/g89/g82/g79/g87/g68/g74/g72/g3/g76/g81/g70/g85/g72/g68/g86/g72/g86/g3/g76/g81/g3/g68/g3/g83/g82/g86/g76/g87/g76/g89/g72/g3/g71/g76/g85/g72/g70/g87/g76/g82/g81/g15/g3/g87/g75/g72/g3/g70/g88/g85/g85/g72/g81/g87/g3 /g76/g81/g70/g85/g72/g68/g86/g72/g86/g3/g68/g79/g82/g81/g74/g3/g90/g76/g87/g75/g3/g76/g87/g15/g3/g68/g81/g71/g3/g87/g75/g68/g87/g3/g90/g75/g72/g81/g3/g87/g75/g72/g3/g89/g82/g79/g87/g68/g74/g72/g3/g85/g72/g89/g72/g85/g86/g72/g86/g3/g71/g76/g85/g72/g70/g87/g76/g82/g81/g15/g3/g87/g75/g72/g3/g70/g88/g85/g85/g72/g81/g87/g3/g68/g79/g86/g82/g3/g85/g72/g89/g72/g85/g86/g72/g86/g3/g71/g76/g85/g72/g70/g87/g76/g82/g81/g17/g3 /g58/g75/g72/g81/g3/g87/g90/g82/g3/g86/g76/g81/g72/g3/g90/g68/g89/g72/g86/g15/g3/g86/g88/g70/g75/g3/g68/g86/g3/g87/g75/g82/g86/g72/g3/g85/g72/g83/g85/g72/g86/g72/g81/g87/g72/g71/g3/g69/g92/g3/g73/g76/g74/g88/g85/g72/g3/g20/g16/g20/g26/g15/g3/g68/g85/g72/g3/g83/g85/g72/g70/g76/g86/g72/g79/g92/g3/g76/g81/g3/g86/g87/g72/g83/g3/g90/g76/g87/g75/g3/g82/g81/g72/g3/g68/g81/g82/g87/g75/g72/g85/g15/g3 /g87/g75/g72/g92/g3/g68/g85/g72/g3/g86/g68/g76/g71/g3/g87/g82/g3/g69/g72/g3/g44/g49/g3/g51/g43/g36/g54/g40/g17/g3/g55/g82/g3/g69/g72/g3/g76/g81/g3/g83/g75/g68/g86/g72/g15/g3/g87/g75/g72/g3/g87/g90/g82/g3/g86/g76/g81/g72/g3/g90/g68/g89/g72/g86/g3/g80/g88/g86/g87/g3/g74/g82/g3/g87/g75/g85/g82/g88/g74/g75/g3/g87/g75/g72/g76/g85/g3/g80/g68/g91/g76/g80/g88/g80/g3/g68/g81/g71/g3 /g80/g76/g81/g76/g80/g88/g80/g3/g83/g82/g76/g81/g87/g86/g3/g68/g87/g3/g87/g75/g72/g3/g86/g68/g80/g72/g3/g87/g76/g80/g72/g3/g68/g81/g71/g3/g76/g81/g3/g87/g75/g72/g3/g86/g68/g80/g72/g3/g71/g76/g85/g72/g70/g87/g76/g82/g81/g17/g3
/g3 /g20/g16/g21/g19/g3
Figure 1-17.—Voltage and current waves in phase. /g3 /g44/g81/g3/g86/g82/g80/g72/g3/g70/g76/g85/g70/g88/g76/g87/g86/g15/g3/g86/g72/g89/g72/g85/g68/g79/g3/g86/g76/g81/g72/g3/g90/g68/g89/g72/g86/g3/g70/g68/g81/g3/g69/g72/g3/g76/g81/g3/g83/g75/g68/g86/g72/g3/g90/g76/g87/g75/g3/g72/g68/g70/g75/g3/g82/g87/g75/g72/g85/g17/g3/g55/g75/g88/g86/g15/g3/g76/g87/g3/g76/g86/g3/g83/g82/g86/g86/g76/g69/g79/g72/g3/g87/g82/g3/g75/g68/g89/g72/g3/g87/g90/g82/g3 /g82/g85/g3/g80/g82/g85/g72/g3/g89/g82/g79/g87/g68/g74/g72/g3/g71/g85/g82/g83/g86/g3/g76/g81/g3/g83/g75/g68/g86/g72/g3/g90/g76/g87/g75/g3/g72/g68/g70/g75/g3/g82/g87/g75/g72/g85/g3/g68/g81/g71/g3/g68/g79/g86/g82/g3/g69/g72/g3/g76/g81/g3/g83/g75/g68/g86/g72/g3/g90/g76/g87/g75/g3/g87/g75/g72/g3/g70/g76/g85/g70/g88/g76/g87/g3/g70/g88/g85/g85/g72/g81/g87/g17/g3 SINE WAVES OUT OF PHASE /g3 /g41/g76/g74/g88/g85/g72/g3/g20/g16/g20/g27/g3/g86/g75/g82/g90/g86/g3/g89/g82/g79/g87/g68/g74/g72/g3/g90/g68/g89/g72/g3/g40/g3/g20/g3/g90/g75/g76/g70/g75/g3/g76/g86/g3/g70/g82/g81/g86/g76/g71/g72/g85/g72/g71/g3/g87/g82/g3/g86/g87/g68/g85/g87/g3/g68/g87/g3/g19/g158 /g3/g11/g87/g76/g80/g72/g3/g82/g81/g72/g12/g17/g3/g36/g86/g3/g89/g82/g79/g87/g68/g74/g72/g3/g90/g68/g89/g72/g3/g40/g20/g3 /g85/g72/g68/g70/g75/g72/g86/g3/g76/g87/g86/g3/g83/g82/g86/g76/g87/g76/g89/g72/g3/g83/g72/g68/g78/g15/g3/g89/g82/g79/g87/g68/g74/g72/g3/g90/g68/g89/g72/g3/g40/g3/g21/g3/g86/g87/g68/g85/g87/g86/g3/g76/g87/g86/g3/g85/g76/g86/g72/g3/g11/g87/g76/g80/g72/g3/g87/g90/g82/g12/g17/g3/g54/g76/g81/g70/g72/g3/g87/g75/g72/g86/g72/g3/g89/g82/g79/g87/g68/g74/g72/g3/g90/g68/g89/g72/g86/g3/g71/g82/g3/g81/g82/g87/g3/g74/g82/g3 /g87/g75/g85/g82/g88/g74/g75/g3/g87/g75/g72/g76/g85/g3/g80/g68/g91/g76/g80/g88/g80/g3/g68/g81/g71/g3/g80/g76/g81/g76/g80/g88/g80/g3/g83/g82/g76/g81/g87/g86/g3/g68/g87/g3/g87/g75/g72/g3/g86/g68/g80/g72/g3/g76/g81/g86/g87/g68/g81/g87/g3/g82/g73/g3/g87/g76/g80/g72/g15/g3/g68/g3/g51/g43/g36/g54/g40/g3/g39/g44/g41/g41/g40/g53/g40/g49/g38/g40/g3/g72/g91/g76/g86/g87/g86/g3 /g69/g72/g87/g90/g72/g72/g81/g3/g87/g75/g72/g3/g87/g90/g82/g3/g90/g68/g89/g72/g86/g17/g3/g55/g75/g72/g3/g87/g90/g82/g3/g90/g68/g89/g72/g86/g3/g68/g85/g72/g3/g86/g68/g76/g71/g3/g87/g82/g3/g69/g72/g3/g50/g56/g55/g3/g50/g41/g3/g51/g43/g36/g54/g40/g17/g3/g41/g82/g85/g3/g87/g75/g72/g3/g87/g90/g82/g3/g90/g68/g89/g72/g86/g3/g76/g81/g3/g73/g76/g74/g88/g85/g72/g3/g20/g16/g20/g27/g3 /g87/g75/g72/g3/g83/g75/g68/g86/g72/g3/g71/g76/g73/g73/g72/g85/g72/g81/g70/g72/g3/g76/g86/g3/g28/g19/g158 /g17/g3 /g3
Figure 1-18.—Voltage waves 90º out of phase.
/g3 /g20/g16/g21/g20/g3 /g3 /g55/g82/g3/g73/g88/g85/g87/g75/g72/g85/g3/g71/g72/g86/g70/g85/g76/g69/g72/g3/g87/g75/g72/g3/g83/g75/g68/g86/g72/g3/g85/g72/g79/g68/g87/g76/g82/g81/g86/g75/g76/g83/g3/g69/g72/g87/g90/g72/g72/g81/g3/g87/g90/g82/g3/g86/g76/g81/g72/g3/g90/g68/g89/g72/g86/g15/g3/g87/g75/g72/g3/g87/g72/g85/g80/g86/g3/g47/g40/g36/g39/g3/g68/g81/g71/g3/g47/g36/g42/g3/g68/g85/g72/g3 /g88/g86/g72/g71/g17/g3/g55/g75/g72/g3/g68/g80/g82/g88/g81/g87/g3/g69/g92/g3/g90/g75/g76/g70/g75/g3/g82/g81/g72/g3/g86/g76/g81/g72/g3/g90/g68/g89/g72/g3/g79/g72/g68/g71/g86/g3/g82/g85/g3/g79/g68/g74/g86/g3/g68/g81/g82/g87/g75/g72/g85/g3/g86/g76/g81/g72/g3/g90/g68/g89/g72/g3/g76/g86/g3/g80/g72/g68/g86/g88/g85/g72/g71/g3/g76/g81/g3/g71/g72/g74/g85/g72/g72/g86/g17/g3/g53/g72/g73/g72/g85/g3 /g68/g74/g68/g76/g81/g3/g87/g82/g3/g73/g76/g74/g88/g85/g72/g3/g20/g16/g20/g27/g17/g3/g50/g69/g86/g72/g85/g89/g72/g3/g87/g75/g68/g87/g3/g90/g68/g89/g72/g3/g40/g21/g3/g86/g87/g68/g85/g87/g86/g3/g28/g19/g158 /g3/g79/g68/g87/g72/g85/g3/g76/g81/g3/g87/g76/g80/g72/g3/g87/g75/g68/g81/g3/g71/g82/g72/g86/g3/g90/g68/g89/g72/g3/g40/g20/g17/g3/g60/g82/g88/g3/g70/g68/g81/g3/g68/g79/g86/g82/g3 /g71/g72/g86/g70/g85/g76/g69/g72/g3/g87/g75/g76/g86/g3/g85/g72/g79/g68/g87/g76/g82/g81/g86/g75/g76/g83/g3/g69/g92/g3/g86/g68/g92/g76/g81/g74/g3/g87/g75/g68/g87/g3/g90/g68/g89/g72/g3/g40/g20/g3/g79/g72/g68/g71/g86/g3/g90/g68/g89/g72/g3/g40/g3/g21/g3/g69/g92/g3/g28/g19/g158 /g15/g3/g82/g85/g3/g87/g75/g68/g87/g3/g90/g68/g89/g72/g3/g40/g21/g3/g79/g68/g74/g86/g3/g90/g68/g89/g72/g3/g40/g3/g20/g3/g69/g92/g3 /g28/g19/g158 /g17/g3/g11/g40/g76/g87/g75/g72/g85/g3/g86/g87/g68/g87/g72/g80/g72/g81/g87/g3/g76/g86/g3/g70/g82/g85/g85/g72/g70/g87/g30/g3/g76/g87/g3/g76/g86/g3/g87/g75/g72/g3/g83/g75/g68/g86/g72/g3/g85/g72/g79/g68/g87/g76/g82/g81/g86/g75/g76/g83/g3/g69/g72/g87/g90/g72/g72/g81/g3/g87/g75/g72/g3/g87/g90/g82/g3/g86/g76/g81/g72/g3/g90/g68/g89/g72/g86/g3/g87/g75/g68/g87/g3/g76/g86/g3 /g76/g80/g83/g82/g85/g87/g68/g81/g87/g17/g12/g3 /g3 /g44/g87/g3/g76/g86/g3/g83/g82/g86/g86/g76/g69/g79/g72/g3/g73/g82/g85/g3/g82/g81/g72/g3/g86/g76/g81/g72/g3/g90/g68/g89/g72/g3/g87/g82/g3/g79/g72/g68/g71/g3/g82/g85/g3/g79/g68/g74/g3/g68/g81/g82/g87/g75/g72/g85/g3/g86/g76/g81/g72/g3/g90/g68/g89/g72/g3/g69/g92/g3/g68/g81/g92/g3/g81/g88/g80/g69/g72/g85/g3/g82/g73/g3/g71/g72/g74/g85/g72/g72/g86/g15/g3/g72/g91/g70/g72/g83/g87/g3/g19/g158 /g3 /g82/g85/g3/g22/g25/g19/g158 /g17/g3/g58/g75/g72/g81/g3/g87/g75/g72/g3/g79/g68/g87/g87/g72/g85/g3/g70/g82/g81/g71/g76/g87/g76/g82/g81/g3/g72/g91/g76/g86/g87/g86/g15/g3/g87/g75/g72/g3/g87/g90/g82/g3/g90/g68/g89/g72/g86/g3/g68/g85/g72/g3/g86/g68/g76/g71/g3/g87/g82/g3/g69/g72/g3/g76/g81/g3/g83/g75/g68/g86/g72/g17/g3/g55/g75/g88/g86/g15/g3/g87/g90/g82/g3/g86/g76/g81/g72/g3/g90/g68/g89/g72/g86/g3 /g87/g75/g68/g87/g3/g71/g76/g73/g73/g72/g85/g3/g76/g81/g3/g83/g75/g68/g86/g72/g3/g69/g92/g3/g23/g24/g158 /g3/g68/g85/g72/g3/g68/g70/g87/g88/g68/g79/g79/g92/g3/g82/g88/g87/g3/g82/g73/g3/g83/g75/g68/g86/g72/g3/g90/g76/g87/g75/g3/g72/g68/g70/g75/g3/g82/g87/g75/g72/g85/g15/g3/g90/g75/g72/g85/g72/g68/g86/g3/g87/g90/g82/g3/g86/g76/g81/g72/g3/g90/g68/g89/g72/g86/g3/g87/g75/g68/g87/g3/g71/g76/g73/g73/g72/g85/g3/g76/g81/g3 /g83/g75/g68/g86/g72/g3/g69/g92/g3/g22/g25/g19/g158 /g3/g68/g85/g72/g3/g70/g82/g81/g86/g76/g71/g72/g85/g72/g71/g3/g87/g82/g3/g69/g72/g3/g76/g81/g3/g83/g75/g68/g86/g72/g3/g90/g76/g87/g75/g3/g72/g68/g70/g75/g3/g82/g87/g75/g72/g85/g17/g3 /g3 /g36/g3/g83/g75/g68/g86/g72/g3/g85/g72/g79/g68/g87/g76/g82/g81/g86/g75/g76/g83/g3/g87/g75/g68/g87/g3/g76/g86/g3/g84/g88/g76/g87/g72/g3/g70/g82/g80/g80/g82/g81/g3/g76/g86/g3/g86/g75/g82/g90/g81/g3/g76/g81/g3/g73/g76/g74/g88/g85/g72/g3/g20/g16/g20/g28/g17/g3/g49/g82/g87/g76/g70/g72/g3/g87/g75/g68/g87/g3/g87/g75/g72/g3/g87/g90/g82/g3/g90/g68/g89/g72/g86/g3 /g76/g79/g79/g88/g86/g87/g85/g68/g87/g72/g71/g3/g71/g76/g73/g73/g72/g85/g3/g76/g81/g3/g83/g75/g68/g86/g72/g3/g69/g92/g3/g20/g27/g19/g158 /g17/g3/g49/g82/g87/g76/g70/g72/g3/g68/g79/g86/g82/g3/g87/g75/g68/g87/g3/g68/g79/g87/g75/g82/g88/g74/g75/g3/g87/g75/g72/g3/g90/g68/g89/g72/g86/g3/g83/g68/g86/g86/g3/g87/g75/g85/g82/g88/g74/g75/g3/g87/g75/g72/g76/g85/g3/g80/g68/g91/g76/g80/g88/g80/g3/g68/g81/g71/g3 /g80/g76/g81/g76/g80/g88/g80/g3/g89/g68/g79/g88/g72/g86/g3/g68/g87/g3/g87/g75/g72/g3/g86/g68/g80/g72/g3/g87/g76/g80/g72/g15/g3/g87/g75/g72/g76/g85/g3/g76/g81/g86/g87/g68/g81/g87/g68/g81/g72/g82/g88/g86/g3/g89/g82/g79/g87/g68/g74/g72/g86/g3/g68/g85/g72/g3/g68/g79/g90/g68/g92/g86/g3/g82/g73/g3/g82/g83/g83/g82/g86/g76/g87/g72/g3/g83/g82/g79/g68/g85/g76/g87/g92/g17/g3/g44/g73/g3/g87/g90/g82/g3 /g86/g88/g70/g75/g3/g90/g68/g89/g72/g86/g3/g72/g91/g76/g86/g87/g3/g68/g70/g85/g82/g86/g86/g3/g87/g75/g72/g3/g86/g68/g80/g72/g3/g70/g82/g80/g83/g82/g81/g72/g81/g87/g15/g3/g68/g81/g71/g3/g87/g75/g72/g3/g90/g68/g89/g72/g86/g3/g68/g85/g72/g3/g82/g73/g3/g72/g84/g88/g68/g79/g3/g68/g80/g83/g79/g76/g87/g88/g71/g72/g15/g3/g87/g75/g72/g92/g3/g70/g68/g81/g70/g72/g79/g3/g72/g68/g70/g75/g3 /g82/g87/g75/g72/g85/g17/g3/g58/g75/g72/g81/g3/g87/g75/g72/g92/g3/g75/g68/g89/g72/g3/g71/g76/g73/g73/g72/g85/g72/g81/g87/g3/g68/g80/g83/g79/g76/g87/g88/g71/g72/g86/g15/g3/g87/g75/g72/g3/g85/g72/g86/g88/g79/g87/g68/g81/g87/g3/g90/g68/g89/g72/g3/g75/g68/g86/g3/g87/g75/g72/g3/g86/g68/g80/g72/g3/g83/g82/g79/g68/g85/g76/g87/g92/g3/g68/g86/g3/g87/g75/g72/g3/g79/g68/g85/g74/g72/g85/g3/g90/g68/g89/g72/g3 /g68/g81/g71/g3/g75/g68/g86/g3/g68/g81/g3/g68/g80/g83/g79/g76/g87/g88/g71/g72/g3/g72/g84/g88/g68/g79/g3/g87/g82/g3/g87/g75/g72/g3/g71/g76/g73/g73/g72/g85/g72/g81/g70/g72/g3/g69/g72/g87/g90/g72/g72/g81/g3/g87/g75/g72/g3/g68/g80/g83/g79/g76/g87/g88/g71/g72/g86/g3/g82/g73/g3/g87/g75/g72/g3/g87/g90/g82/g3/g90/g68/g89/g72/g86/g17/g3
Figure 1-19.—Voltage waves 180º out of phase. /g3 /g55/g82/g3/g71/g72/g87/g72/g85/g80/g76/g81/g72/g3/g87/g75/g72/g3/g83/g75/g68/g86/g72/g3/g71/g76/g73/g73/g72/g85/g72/g81/g70/g72/g3/g69/g72/g87/g90/g72/g72/g81/g3/g87/g90/g82/g3/g86/g76/g81/g72/g3/g90/g68/g89/g72/g86/g15/g3/g79/g82/g70/g68/g87/g72/g3/g87/g75/g72/g3/g83/g82/g76/g81/g87/g86/g3/g82/g81/g3/g87/g75/g72/g3/g87/g76/g80/g72/g3/g68/g91/g76/g86/g3/g90/g75/g72/g85/g72/g3 /g87/g75/g72/g3/g87/g90/g82/g3/g90/g68/g89/g72/g86/g3/g70/g85/g82/g86/g86/g3/g87/g75/g72/g3/g87/g76/g80/g72/g3/g68/g91/g76/g86/g3/g87/g85/g68/g89/g72/g79/g76/g81/g74/g3/g76/g81/g3/g87/g75/g72/g3/g86/g68/g80/g72/g3/g71/g76/g85/g72/g70/g87/g76/g82/g81/g17/g3/g55/g75/g72/g3/g81/g88/g80/g69/g72/g85/g3/g82/g73/g3/g71/g72/g74/g85/g72/g72/g86/g3/g69/g72/g87/g90/g72/g72/g81/g3/g87/g75/g72/g3 /g70/g85/g82/g86/g86/g76/g81/g74/g3/g83/g82/g76/g81/g87/g86/g3/g76/g86/g3/g87/g75/g72/g3/g83/g75/g68/g86/g72/g3/g71/g76/g73/g73/g72/g85/g72/g81/g70/g72/g17/g3/g55/g75/g72/g3/g90/g68/g89/g72/g3/g87/g75/g68/g87/g3/g70/g85/g82/g86/g86/g72/g86/g3/g87/g75/g72/g3/g68/g91/g76/g86/g3/g68/g87/g3/g87/g75/g72/g3/g79/g68/g87/g72/g85/g3/g87/g76/g80/g72/g3/g11/g87/g82/g3/g87/g75/g72/g3/g85/g76/g74/g75/g87/g3/g82/g81/g3/g87/g75/g72/g3 /g87/g76/g80/g72/g3/g68/g91/g76/g86/g12/g3/g76/g86/g3/g86/g68/g76/g71/g3/g87/g82/g3/g79/g68/g74/g3/g87/g75/g72/g3/g82/g87/g75/g72/g85/g3/g90/g68/g89/g72/g17/g3 Q37. When are the voltage wave and the current wave in a circuit considered to be in phase? Q38. When are two voltage waves considered to be out of phase? Q39. What is the phase relationship between two voltage waves that differ in phase by 360° ? Q40. How do you determine the phase difference between two sine waves that are plotted on the same graph?
/g3 /g20/g16/g21/g21/g3 OHM'S LAW IN AC CIRCUITS /g3 /g48/g68/g81/g92/g3/g68/g70/g3/g70/g76/g85/g70/g88/g76/g87/g86/g3/g70/g82/g81/g87/g68/g76/g81/g3/g85/g72/g86/g76/g86/g87/g68/g81/g70/g72/g3/g82/g81/g79/g92/g17/g3/g55/g75/g72/g3/g85/g88/g79/g72/g86/g3/g73/g82/g85/g3/g87/g75/g72/g86/g72/g3/g70/g76/g85/g70/g88/g76/g87/g86/g3/g68/g85/g72/g3/g87/g75/g72/g3/g86/g68/g80/g72/g3/g85/g88/g79/g72/g86/g3/g87/g75/g68/g87/g3/g68/g83/g83/g79/g92/g3/g87/g82/g3 /g71/g70/g3/g70/g76/g85/g70/g88/g76/g87/g86/g17/g3/g53/g72/g86/g76/g86/g87/g82/g85/g86/g15/g3/g79/g68/g80/g83/g86/g15/g3/g68/g81/g71/g3/g75/g72/g68/g87/g76/g81/g74/g3/g72/g79/g72/g80/g72/g81/g87/g86/g3/g68/g85/g72/g3/g72/g91/g68/g80/g83/g79/g72/g86/g3/g82/g73/g3/g85/g72/g86/g76/g86/g87/g76/g89/g72/g3/g72/g79/g72/g80/g72/g81/g87/g86/g17/g3/g58/g75/g72/g81/g3/g68/g81/g3/g68/g70/g3/g70/g76/g85/g70/g88/g76/g87/g3 /g70/g82/g81/g87/g68/g76/g81/g86/g3/g82/g81/g79/g92/g3/g85/g72/g86/g76/g86/g87/g68/g81/g70/g72/g15/g3/g50/g75/g80/g10/g86/g3/g47/g68/g90/g15/g3/g46/g76/g85/g70/g75/g75/g82/g73/g73/g10/g86/g3/g47/g68/g90/g15/g3/g68/g81/g71/g3/g87/g75/g72/g3/g89/g68/g85/g76/g82/g88/g86/g3/g85/g88/g79/g72/g86/g3/g87/g75/g68/g87/g3/g68/g83/g83/g79/g92/g3/g87/g82/g3/g89/g82/g79/g87/g68/g74/g72/g15/g3/g70/g88/g85/g85/g72/g81/g87/g15/g3 /g68/g81/g71/g3/g83/g82/g90/g72/g85/g3/g76/g81/g3/g68/g3/g71/g70/g3/g70/g76/g85/g70/g88/g76/g87/g3/g68/g79/g86/g82/g3/g68/g83/g83/g79/g92/g3/g87/g82/g3/g87/g75/g72/g3/g68/g70/g3/g70/g76/g85/g70/g88/g76/g87/g17/g3/g55/g75/g72/g3/g50/g75/g80/g10/g86/g3/g47/g68/g90/g3/g73/g82/g85/g80/g88/g79/g68/g3/g73/g82/g85/g3/g68/g81/g3/g68/g70/g3/g70/g76/g85/g70/g88/g76/g87/g3/g70/g68/g81/g3/g69/g72/g3 /g86/g87/g68/g87/g72/g71/g3/g68/g86/g3
/g3 /g53/g72/g80/g72/g80/g69/g72/g85/g15/g3/g88/g81/g79/g72/g86/g86/g3/g82/g87/g75/g72/g85/g90/g76/g86/g72/g3/g86/g87/g68/g87/g72/g71/g15/g3/g68/g79/g79/g3/g68/g70/g3/g89/g82/g79/g87/g68/g74/g72/g3/g68/g81/g71/g3/g70/g88/g85/g85/g72/g81/g87/g3/g89/g68/g79/g88/g72/g86/g3/g68/g85/g72/g3/g74/g76/g89/g72/g81/g3/g68/g86/g3/g72/g73/g73/g72/g70/g87/g76/g89/g72/g3/g89/g68/g79/g88/g72/g86/g17/g3 /g55/g75/g72/g3/g73/g82/g85/g80/g88/g79/g68/g3/g73/g82/g85/g3/g50/g75/g80/g10/g86/g3/g47/g68/g90/g3/g70/g68/g81/g3/g68/g79/g86/g82/g3/g69/g72/g3/g86/g87/g68/g87/g72/g71/g3/g68/g86/g3
/g3 /g55/g75/g72/g3/g76/g80/g83/g82/g85/g87/g68/g81/g87/g3/g87/g75/g76/g81/g74/g3/g87/g82/g3/g78/g72/g72/g83/g3/g76/g81/g3/g80/g76/g81/g71/g3/g76/g86/g29/g3/g39/g82/g3/g49/g82/g87/g3/g80/g76/g91/g3/g68/g70/g3/g89/g68/g79/g88/g72/g86/g17/g3/g58/g75/g72/g81/g3/g92/g82/g88/g3/g86/g82/g79/g89/g72/g3/g73/g82/g85/g3/g72/g73/g73/g72/g70/g87/g76/g89/g72/g3/g89/g68/g79/g88/g72/g86/g15/g3 /g68/g79/g79/g3/g89/g68/g79/g88/g72/g86/g3/g92/g82/g88/g3/g88/g86/g72/g3/g76/g81/g3/g87/g75/g72/g3/g73/g82/g85/g80/g88/g79/g68/g3/g80/g88/g86/g87/g3/g69/g72/g3/g72/g73/g73/g72/g70/g87/g76/g89/g72/g3/g89/g68/g79/g88/g72/g86/g17/g3/g54/g76/g80/g76/g79/g68/g85/g79/g92/g15/g3/g90/g75/g72/g81/g3/g92/g82/g88/g3/g86/g82/g79/g89/g72/g3/g73/g82/g85/g3/g68/g89/g72/g85/g68/g74/g72/g3/g89/g68/g79/g88/g72/g86/g15/g3 /g68/g79/g79/g3/g89/g68/g79/g88/g72/g86/g3/g92/g82/g88/g3/g88/g86/g72/g3/g80/g88/g86/g87/g3/g69/g72/g3/g68/g89/g72/g85/g68/g74/g72/g3/g89/g68/g79/g88/g72/g86/g17/g3/g55/g75/g76/g86/g3/g83/g82/g76/g81/g87/g3/g86/g75/g82/g88/g79/g71/g3/g69/g72/g3/g70/g79/g72/g68/g85/g72/g85/g3/g68/g73/g87/g72/g85/g3/g92/g82/g88/g3/g90/g82/g85/g78/g3/g87/g75/g72/g3/g73/g82/g79/g79/g82/g90/g76/g81/g74/g3 /g83/g85/g82/g69/g79/g72/g80/g29/g3/g36/g3/g86/g72/g85/g76/g72/g86/g3/g70/g76/g85/g70/g88/g76/g87/g3/g70/g82/g81/g86/g76/g86/g87/g86/g3/g82/g73/g3/g87/g90/g82/g3/g85/g72/g86/g76/g86/g87/g82/g85/g86/g3/g11/g53/g20/g3/g32/g3/g24/g3/g82/g75/g80/g86/g3/g68/g81/g71/g3/g53/g21/g3/g32/g3/g20/g24/g3/g82/g75/g80/g86/g12/g3/g68/g81/g71/g3/g68/g81/g3/g68/g79/g87/g72/g85/g81/g68/g87/g76/g81/g74/g3 /g89/g82/g79/g87/g68/g74/g72/g3/g86/g82/g88/g85/g70/g72/g3/g82/g73/g3/g20/g21/g19/g3/g89/g82/g79/g87/g86/g17/g3/g58/g75/g68/g87/g3/g76/g86/g3/g44 /g68/g89/g74/g34/g3
/g3 /g55/g75/g72/g3/g68/g79/g87/g72/g85/g81/g68/g87/g76/g81/g74/g3/g89/g82/g79/g87/g68/g74/g72/g3/g76/g86/g3/g68/g86/g86/g88/g80/g72/g71/g3/g87/g82/g3/g69/g72/g3/g68/g81/g3/g72/g73/g73/g72/g70/g87/g76/g89/g72/g3/g89/g68/g79/g88/g72/g3/g11/g86/g76/g81/g70/g72/g3/g76/g87/g3/g76/g86/g3/g81/g82/g87/g3/g86/g83/g72/g70/g76/g73/g76/g72/g71/g3/g87/g82/g3/g69/g72/g3/g82/g87/g75/g72/g85/g90/g76/g86/g72/g12/g17/g3 /g36/g83/g83/g79/g92/g3/g87/g75/g72/g3/g50/g75/g80/g10/g86/g3/g47/g68/g90/g3/g73/g82/g85/g80/g88/g79/g68/g17/g3
/g3 /g20/g16/g21/g22/g3
/g3 /g55/g75/g72/g3/g83/g85/g82/g69/g79/g72/g80/g15/g3/g75/g82/g90/g72/g89/g72/g85/g15/g3/g68/g86/g78/g72/g71/g3/g73/g82/g85/g3/g87/g75/g72/g3/g68/g89/g72/g85/g68/g74/g72/g3/g89/g68/g79/g88/g72/g3/g82/g73/g3/g70/g88/g85/g85/g72/g81/g87/g3/g11/g44/g3/g68/g89/g74/g12/g17/g3/g55/g82/g3/g70/g82/g81/g89/g72/g85/g87/g3/g87/g75/g72/g3/g72/g73/g73/g72/g70/g87/g76/g89/g72/g3/g89/g68/g79/g88/g72/g3 /g82/g73/g3/g70/g88/g85/g85/g72/g81/g87/g3/g87/g82/g3/g87/g75/g72/g3/g68/g89/g72/g85/g68/g74/g72/g3/g89/g68/g79/g88/g72/g3/g82/g73/g3/g70/g88/g85/g85/g72/g81/g87/g15/g3/g92/g82/g88/g3/g80/g88/g86/g87/g3/g73/g76/g85/g86/g87/g3/g71/g72/g87/g72/g85/g80/g76/g81/g72/g3/g87/g75/g72/g3/g83/g72/g68/g78/g3/g82/g85/g3/g80/g68/g91/g76/g80/g88/g80/g3/g89/g68/g79/g88/g72/g3/g82/g73/g3/g70/g88/g85/g85/g72/g81/g87/g15/g3 /g44 /g80/g68/g91/g17/g3
/g3 /g60/g82/g88/g3/g70/g68/g81/g3/g81/g82/g90/g3/g73/g76/g81/g71/g3/g44/g68/g89/g74/g17/g3/g45/g88/g86/g87/g3/g86/g88/g69/g86/g87/g76/g87/g88/g87/g72/g3/g27/g17/g23/g27/g23/g3/g68/g80/g83/g72/g85/g72/g86/g3/g76/g81/g3/g87/g75/g72/g3/g44/g68/g89/g74/g3/g73/g82/g85/g80/g88/g79/g68/g3/g68/g81/g71/g3/g86/g82/g79/g89/g72/g3/g73/g82/g85/g3/g44/g68/g89/g74/g17/g3
/g3 /g53/g72/g80/g72/g80/g69/g72/g85/g15/g3/g92/g82/g88/g3/g70/g68/g81/g3/g88/g86/g72/g3/g87/g75/g72/g3/g50/g75/g80/g10/g86/g3/g47/g68/g90/g3/g73/g82/g85/g80/g88/g79/g68/g86/g3/g87/g82/g3/g86/g82/g79/g89/g72/g3/g68/g81/g92/g3/g83/g88/g85/g72/g79/g92/g3/g85/g72/g86/g76/g86/g87/g76/g89/g72/g3/g68/g70/g3/g70/g76/g85/g70/g88/g76/g87/g3/g83/g85/g82/g69/g79/g72/g80/g17/g3 /g56/g86/g72/g3/g87/g75/g72/g3/g73/g82/g85/g80/g88/g79/g68/g86/g3/g76/g81/g3/g87/g75/g72/g3/g86/g68/g80/g72/g3/g80/g68/g81/g81/g72/g85/g3/g68/g86/g3/g92/g82/g88/g3/g90/g82/g88/g79/g71/g3/g87/g82/g3/g86/g82/g79/g89/g72/g3/g68/g3/g71/g70/g3/g70/g76/g85/g70/g88/g76/g87/g3/g83/g85/g82/g69/g79/g72/g80/g17/g3 Q41. A series circuit consists of three resistors (R1 = 10 Ω, R2 = 20Ω, R3 = 15Ω) and an alternating voltage source of 100 volts. What is the effective value of current in the circuit? Q42. If the alternating source in Q41 is changed to 200 volts peak-to-peak, what is I avg? Q43. If E eff is 130 volts and Ieff is 3 amperes, what is the total resistance (RT) in the circuit? /g3 SUMMARY /g3 /g37/g72/g73/g82/g85/g72/g3/g74/g82/g76/g81/g74/g3/g82/g81/g3/g87/g82/g3/g70/g75/g68/g83/g87/g72/g85/g3/g21/g15/g3/g85/g72/g68/g71/g3/g87/g75/g72/g3/g73/g82/g79/g79/g82/g90/g76/g81/g74/g3/g86/g88/g80/g80/g68/g85/g92/g3/g82/g73/g3/g87/g75/g72/g3/g80/g68/g87/g72/g85/g76/g68/g79/g3/g76/g81/g3/g70/g75/g68/g83/g87/g72/g85/g3/g20/g17/g3/g55/g75/g76/g86/g3/g86/g88/g80/g80/g68/g85/g92/g3 /g90/g76/g79/g79/g3/g85/g72/g76/g81/g73/g82/g85/g70/g72/g3/g90/g75/g68/g87/g3/g92/g82/g88/g3/g75/g68/g89/g72/g3/g68/g79/g85/g72/g68/g71/g92/g3/g79/g72/g68/g85/g81/g72/g71/g17/g3 DC AND AC /g178/g39/g76/g85/g72/g70/g87/g3/g70/g88/g85/g85/g72/g81/g87/g3/g73/g79/g82/g90/g86/g3/g76/g81/g3/g82/g81/g72/g3/g71/g76/g85/g72/g70/g87/g76/g82/g81/g3/g82/g81/g79/g92/g15/g3/g90/g75/g76/g79/g72/g3/g68/g79/g87/g72/g85/g81/g68/g87/g76/g81/g74/g3/g70/g88/g85/g85/g72/g81/g87/g3/g76/g86/g3/g70/g82/g81/g86/g87/g68/g81/g87/g79/g92/g3 /g70/g75/g68/g81/g74/g76/g81/g74/g3/g76/g81/g3/g68/g80/g83/g79/g76/g87/g88/g71/g72/g3/g68/g81/g71/g3/g71/g76/g85/g72/g70/g87/g76/g82/g81/g17/g3 ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF AC AND DC /g178/g39/g76/g85/g72/g70/g87/g3/g70/g88/g85/g85/g72/g81/g87/g3/g75/g68/g86/g3/g86/g72/g89/g72/g85/g68/g79/g3 /g71/g76/g86/g68/g71/g89/g68/g81/g87/g68/g74/g72/g86/g3/g70/g82/g80/g83/g68/g85/g72/g71/g3/g87/g82/g3/g68/g79/g87/g72/g85/g81/g68/g87/g76/g81/g74/g3/g70/g88/g85/g85/g72/g81/g87/g17/g3/g39/g76/g85/g72/g70/g87/g3/g70/g88/g85/g85/g72/g81/g87/g15/g3/g73/g82/g85/g3/g72/g91/g68/g80/g83/g79/g72/g15/g3/g80/g88/g86/g87/g3/g69/g72/g3/g74/g72/g81/g72/g85/g68/g87/g72/g71/g3/g68/g87/g3/g87/g75/g72/g3 /g89/g82/g79/g87/g68/g74/g72/g3/g79/g72/g89/g72/g79/g3/g85/g72/g84/g88/g76/g85/g72/g71/g3/g69/g92/g3/g87/g75/g72/g3/g79/g82/g68/g71/g17/g3/g36/g79/g87/g72/g85/g81/g68/g87/g76/g81/g74/g3/g70/g88/g85/g85/g72/g81/g87/g15/g3/g75/g82/g90/g72/g89/g72/g85/g15/g3/g70/g68/g81/g3/g69/g72/g3/g74/g72/g81/g72/g85/g68/g87/g72/g71/g3/g68/g87/g3/g68/g3/g75/g76/g74/g75/g3/g79/g72/g89/g72/g79/g3/g68/g81/g71/g3
/g3 /g20/g16/g21/g23/g3 /g86/g87/g72/g83/g83/g72/g71/g3/g71/g82/g90/g81/g3/g68/g87/g3/g87/g75/g72/g3/g70/g82/g81/g86/g88/g80/g72/g85/g3/g72/g81/g71/g3/g11/g87/g75/g85/g82/g88/g74/g75/g3/g87/g75/g72/g3/g88/g86/g72/g3/g82/g73/g3/g68/g3/g87/g85/g68/g81/g86/g73/g82/g85/g80/g72/g85/g12/g3/g87/g82/g3/g90/g75/g68/g87/g72/g89/g72/g85/g3/g89/g82/g79/g87/g68/g74/g72/g3/g79/g72/g89/g72/g79/g3/g76/g86/g3/g85/g72/g84/g88/g76/g85/g72/g71/g3 /g69/g92/g3/g87/g75/g72/g3/g79/g82/g68/g71/g17/g3/g54/g76/g81/g70/g72/g3/g83/g82/g90/g72/g85/g3/g76/g81/g3/g68/g3/g71/g70/g3/g86/g92/g86/g87/g72/g80/g3/g80/g88/g86/g87/g3/g69/g72/g3/g87/g85/g68/g81/g86/g80/g76/g87/g87/g72/g71/g3/g68/g87/g3/g79/g82/g90/g3/g89/g82/g79/g87/g68/g74/g72/g3/g68/g81/g71/g3/g75/g76/g74/g75/g3/g70/g88/g85/g85/g72/g81/g87/g3/g79/g72/g89/g72/g79/g86/g15/g3/g87/g75/g72/g3 /g44/g21/g53/g3/g83/g82/g90/g72/g85/g3/g79/g82/g86/g86/g3/g69/g72/g70/g82/g80/g72/g86/g3/g68/g3/g83/g85/g82/g69/g79/g72/g80/g3/g76/g81/g3/g87/g75/g72/g3/g71/g70/g3/g86/g92/g86/g87/g72/g80/g17/g3/g54/g76/g81/g70/g72/g3/g83/g82/g90/g72/g85/g3/g76/g81/g3/g68/g81/g3/g68/g70/g3/g86/g92/g86/g87/g72/g80/g3/g70/g68/g81/g3/g69/g72/g3/g87/g85/g68/g81/g86/g80/g76/g87/g87/g72/g71/g3/g68/g87/g3/g68/g3 /g75/g76/g74/g75/g3/g89/g82/g79/g87/g68/g74/g72/g3/g79/g72/g89/g72/g79/g3/g68/g81/g71/g3/g68/g3/g79/g82/g90/g3/g70/g88/g85/g85/g72/g81/g87/g3/g79/g72/g89/g72/g79/g15/g3/g87/g75/g72/g3/g44/g21/g53/g3/g83/g82/g90/g72/g85/g3/g79/g82/g86/g86/g3/g76/g81/g3/g87/g75/g72/g3/g68/g70/g3/g86/g92/g86/g87/g72/g80/g3/g76/g86/g3/g80/g88/g70/g75/g3/g79/g72/g86/g86/g3/g87/g75/g68/g81/g3/g87/g75/g68/g87/g3/g76/g81/g3/g87/g75/g72/g3 /g71/g70/g3/g86/g92/g86/g87/g72/g80/g17/g3 VOLTAGE WAVEFORMS /g178/g55/g75/g72/g3/g90/g68/g89/g72/g73/g82/g85/g80/g3/g82/g73/g3/g89/g82/g79/g87/g68/g74/g72/g3/g82/g85/g3/g70/g88/g85/g85/g72/g81/g87/g3/g76/g86/g3/g68/g3/g74/g85/g68/g83/g75/g76/g70/g68/g79/g3/g83/g76/g70/g87/g88/g85/g72/g3/g82/g73/g3/g70/g75/g68/g81/g74/g72/g86/g3 /g76/g81/g3/g89/g82/g79/g87/g68/g74/g72/g3/g82/g85/g3/g70/g88/g85/g85/g72/g81/g87/g3/g89/g68/g79/g88/g72/g86/g3/g82/g89/g72/g85/g3/g68/g3/g83/g72/g85/g76/g82/g71/g3/g82/g73/g3/g87/g76/g80/g72/g17/g3
ELECTROMAGNETISM /g178/g58/g75/g72/g81/g3/g68/g3/g70/g82/g80/g83/g68/g86/g86/g3/g76/g86/g3/g83/g79/g68/g70/g72/g71/g3/g76/g81/g3/g87/g75/g72/g3/g89/g76/g70/g76/g81/g76/g87/g92/g3/g82/g73/g3/g68/g3/g70/g88/g85/g85/g72/g81/g87/g16/g70/g68/g85/g85/g92/g76/g81/g74/g3 /g70/g82/g81/g71/g88/g70/g87/g82/g85/g15/g3/g87/g75/g72/g3/g81/g72/g72/g71/g79/g72/g3/g68/g79/g76/g74/g81/g86/g3/g76/g87/g86/g72/g79/g73/g3/g68/g87/g3/g85/g76/g74/g75/g87/g3/g68/g81/g74/g79/g72/g86/g3/g87/g82/g3/g87/g75/g72/g3/g70/g82/g81/g71/g88/g70/g87/g82/g85/g17/g3/g55/g75/g72/g3/g81/g82/g85/g87/g75/g3/g83/g82/g79/g72/g3/g82/g73/g3/g87/g75/g72/g3/g70/g82/g80/g83/g68/g86/g86/g3 /g76/g81/g71/g76/g70/g68/g87/g72/g86/g3/g87/g75/g72/g3/g71/g76/g85/g72/g70/g87/g76/g82/g81/g3/g82/g73/g3/g87/g75/g72/g3/g80/g68/g74/g81/g72/g87/g76/g70/g3/g73/g76/g72/g79/g71/g3/g83/g85/g82/g71/g88/g70/g72/g71/g3/g69/g92/g3/g87/g75/g72/g3/g70/g88/g85/g85/g72/g81/g87/g17/g3/g37/g92/g3/g78/g81/g82/g90/g76/g81/g74/g3/g87/g75/g72/g3/g71/g76/g85/g72/g70/g87/g76/g82/g81/g3/g82/g73/g3/g70/g88/g85/g85/g72/g81/g87/g15/g3 /g92/g82/g88/g3/g70/g68/g81/g3/g88/g86/g72/g3/g87/g75/g72/g3/g79/g72/g73/g87/g16/g75/g68/g81/g71/g3/g85/g88/g79/g72/g3/g73/g82/g85/g3/g70/g82/g81/g71/g88/g70/g87/g82/g85/g86/g3/g87/g82/g3/g71/g72/g87/g72/g85/g80/g76/g81/g72/g3/g87/g75/g72/g3/g71/g76/g85/g72/g70/g87/g76/g82/g81/g3/g82/g73/g3/g87/g75/g72/g3/g80/g68/g74/g81/g72/g87/g76/g70/g3/g79/g76/g81/g72/g86/g3/g82/g73/g3/g73/g82/g85/g70/g72/g17/g3 /g3
/g3 /g20/g16/g21/g24/g3
/g3 /g36/g85/g85/g82/g90/g86/g3/g68/g85/g72/g3/g74/g72/g81/g72/g85/g68/g79/g79/g92/g3/g88/g86/g72/g71/g3/g76/g81/g3/g72/g79/g72/g70/g87/g85/g76/g70/g68/g79/g3/g71/g76/g68/g74/g85/g68/g80/g86/g3/g87/g82/g3/g76/g81/g71/g76/g70/g68/g87/g72/g3/g87/g75/g72/g3/g71/g76/g85/g72/g70/g87/g76/g82/g81/g3/g82/g73/g3/g70/g88/g85/g85/g72/g81/g87/g3/g76/g81/g3/g68/g3/g90/g76/g85/g72/g17/g3/g36/g3/g70/g85/g82/g86/g86/g3 /g11/g14/g12/g3/g82/g81/g3/g87/g75/g72/g3/g72/g81/g71/g3/g82/g73/g3/g68/g3/g70/g85/g82/g86/g86/g16/g86/g72/g70/g87/g76/g82/g81/g68/g79/g3/g89/g76/g72/g90/g3/g82/g73/g3/g68/g3/g90/g76/g85/g72/g3/g76/g81/g71/g76/g70/g68/g87/g72/g86/g3/g87/g75/g68/g87/g3/g70/g88/g85/g85/g72/g81/g87/g3/g76/g86/g3/g73/g79/g82/g90/g76/g81/g74/g3/g68/g90/g68/g92/g3/g73/g85/g82/g80/g3/g92/g82/g88/g15/g3/g90/g75/g76/g79/g72/g3/g68/g3 /g71/g82/g87/g3/g11/g194/g12/g3/g76/g81/g71/g76/g70/g68/g87/g72/g86/g3/g87/g75/g68/g87/g3/g70/g88/g85/g85/g72/g81/g87/g3/g76/g86/g3/g73/g79/g82/g90/g76/g81/g74/g3/g87/g82/g90/g68/g85/g71/g3/g92/g82/g88/g17/g3 /g3 /g58/g75/g72/g81/g3/g87/g90/g82/g3/g68/g71/g77/g68/g70/g72/g81/g87/g3/g83/g68/g85/g68/g79/g79/g72/g79/g3/g70/g82/g81/g71/g88/g70/g87/g82/g85/g86/g3/g70/g68/g85/g85/g92/g3/g70/g88/g85/g85/g72/g81/g87/g3/g76/g81/g3/g87/g75/g72/g3/g86/g68/g80/g72/g3/g71/g76/g85/g72/g70/g87/g76/g82/g81/g15/g3/g87/g75/g72/g3/g80/g68/g74/g81/g72/g87/g76/g70/g3/g73/g76/g72/g79/g71/g86/g3 /g68/g85/g82/g88/g81/g71/g3/g87/g75/g72/g3/g70/g82/g81/g71/g88/g70/g87/g82/g85/g86/g3/g68/g76/g71/g3/g72/g68/g70/g75/g3/g82/g87/g75/g72/g85/g17/g3/g58/g75/g72/g81/g3/g87/g75/g72/g3/g70/g88/g85/g85/g72/g81/g87/g86/g3/g76/g81/g3/g87/g75/g72/g3/g87/g90/g82/g3/g70/g82/g81/g71/g88/g70/g87/g82/g85/g86/g3/g73/g79/g82/g90/g3/g76/g81/g3/g82/g83/g83/g82/g86/g76/g87/g72/g3 /g71/g76/g85/g72/g70/g87/g76/g82/g81/g86/g15/g3/g87/g75/g72/g3/g73/g76/g72/g79/g71/g86/g3/g68/g85/g82/g88/g81/g71/g3/g87/g75/g72/g3/g70/g82/g81/g71/g88/g70/g87/g82/g85/g86/g3/g82/g83/g83/g82/g86/g72/g3/g72/g68/g70/g75/g3/g82/g87/g75/g72/g85/g17/g3 /g3
MAGNETIC FIELD OF A COIL /g178/g58/g75/g72/g81/g3/g90/g76/g85/g72/g3/g76/g86/g3/g90/g82/g88/g81/g71/g3/g68/g85/g82/g88/g81/g71/g3/g68/g3/g70/g82/g85/g72/g15/g3/g76/g87/g3/g73/g82/g85/g80/g86/g3/g68/g3/g38/g50/g44/g47/g17/g3/g55/g75/g72/g3 /g80/g68/g74/g81/g72/g87/g76/g70/g3/g73/g76/g72/g79/g71/g86/g3/g83/g85/g82/g71/g88/g70/g72/g71/g3/g90/g75/g72/g81/g3/g70/g88/g85/g85/g72/g81/g87/g3/g73/g79/g82/g90/g86/g3/g76/g81/g3/g87/g75/g72/g3/g70/g82/g76/g79/g3/g70/g82/g80/g69/g76/g81/g72/g17/g3/g55/g75/g72/g3/g70/g82/g80/g69/g76/g81/g72/g71/g3/g76/g81/g73/g79/g88/g72/g81/g70/g72/g3/g82/g73/g3/g68/g79/g79/g3/g82/g73/g3/g87/g75/g72/g3 /g73/g76/g72/g79/g71/g86/g3/g68/g85/g82/g88/g81/g71/g3/g87/g75/g72/g3/g87/g88/g85/g81/g86/g3/g83/g85/g82/g71/g88/g70/g72/g3/g68/g3/g87/g90/g82/g16/g83/g82/g79/g72/g3/g73/g76/g72/g79/g71/g3/g86/g76/g80/g76/g79/g68/g85/g3/g87/g82/g3/g87/g75/g68/g87/g3/g82/g73/g3/g68/g3/g86/g76/g80/g83/g79/g72/g3/g69/g68/g85/g3/g80/g68/g74/g81/g72/g87/g17/g3 /g3 /g58/g75/g72/g81/g3/g87/g75/g72/g3/g71/g76/g85/g72/g70/g87/g76/g82/g81/g3/g82/g73/g3/g70/g88/g85/g85/g72/g81/g87/g3/g76/g81/g3/g87/g75/g72/g3/g70/g82/g76/g79/g3/g76/g86/g3/g85/g72/g89/g72/g85/g86/g72/g71/g15/g3/g87/g75/g72/g3/g83/g82/g79/g68/g85/g76/g87/g92/g3/g82/g73/g3/g87/g75/g72/g3/g87/g90/g82/g16/g83/g82/g79/g72/g3/g73/g76/g72/g79/g71/g3/g82/g73/g3/g87/g75/g72/g3/g70/g82/g76/g79/g3/g76/g86/g3 /g85/g72/g89/g72/g85/g86/g72/g71/g17/g3 /g3 /g55/g75/g72/g3/g86/g87/g85/g72/g81/g74/g87/g75/g3/g82/g73/g3/g87/g75/g72/g3/g80/g68/g74/g81/g72/g87/g76/g70/g3/g73/g76/g72/g79/g71/g3/g82/g73/g3/g87/g75/g72/g3/g70/g82/g76/g79/g3/g76/g86/g3/g71/g72/g83/g72/g81/g71/g72/g81/g87/g3/g88/g83/g82/g81/g29/g3 • /g55/g75/g72/g3/g81/g88/g80/g69/g72/g85/g3/g82/g73/g3/g87/g88/g85/g81/g86/g3/g82/g73/g3/g87/g75/g72/g3/g90/g76/g85/g72/g3/g76/g81/g3/g87/g75/g72/g3/g70/g82/g76/g79/g17/g3 • /g55/g75/g72/g3/g68/g80/g82/g88/g81/g87/g3/g82/g73/g3/g70/g88/g85/g85/g72/g81/g87/g3/g76/g81/g3/g87/g75/g72/g3/g70/g82/g76/g79/g17/g3 • /g55/g75/g72/g3/g85/g68/g87/g76/g82/g3/g82/g73/g3/g87/g75/g72/g3/g70/g82/g76/g79/g3/g79/g72/g81/g74/g87/g75/g3/g87/g82/g3/g87/g75/g72/g3/g70/g82/g76/g79/g3/g90/g76/g71/g87/g75/g17/g3
/g3 /g20/g16/g21/g25/g3 • /g55/g75/g72/g3/g87/g92/g83/g72/g3/g82/g73/g3/g80/g68/g87/g72/g85/g76/g68/g79/g3/g76/g81/g3/g87/g75/g72/g3/g70/g82/g85/g72/g17/g3 BASIC AC GENERATION /g178/g58/g75/g72/g81/g3/g68/g3/g70/g82/g81/g71/g88/g70/g87/g82/g85/g3/g76/g86/g3/g76/g81/g3/g68/g3/g80/g68/g74/g81/g72/g87/g76/g70/g3/g73/g76/g72/g79/g71/g3/g68/g81/g71/g3/g72/g76/g87/g75/g72/g85/g3/g87/g75/g72/g3/g73/g76/g72/g79/g71/g3/g82/g85/g3/g87/g75/g72/g3 /g70/g82/g81/g71/g88/g70/g87/g82/g85/g3/g80/g82/g89/g72/g86/g15/g3/g68/g81/g3/g72/g80/g73/g3/g11/g89/g82/g79/g87/g68/g74/g72/g12/g3/g76/g86/g3/g76/g81/g71/g88/g70/g72/g71/g3/g76/g81/g3/g87/g75/g72/g3/g70/g82/g81/g71/g88/g70/g87/g82/g85/g17/g3/g55/g75/g76/g86/g3/g72/g73/g73/g72/g70/g87/g3/g76/g86/g3/g70/g68/g79/g79/g72/g71/g3/g72/g79/g72/g70/g87/g85/g82/g80/g68/g74/g81/g72/g87/g76/g70/g3 /g76/g81/g71/g88/g70/g87/g76/g82/g81/g17/g3 /g3 /g36/g3/g79/g82/g82/g83/g3/g82/g73/g3/g90/g76/g85/g72/g3/g85/g82/g87/g68/g87/g76/g81/g74/g3/g76/g81/g3/g68/g3/g80/g68/g74/g81/g72/g87/g76/g70/g3/g73/g76/g72/g79/g71/g3/g83/g85/g82/g71/g88/g70/g72/g86/g3/g68/g3/g89/g82/g79/g87/g68/g74/g72/g3/g90/g75/g76/g70/g75/g3/g70/g82/g81/g86/g87/g68/g81/g87/g79/g92/g3/g70/g75/g68/g81/g74/g72/g86/g3/g76/g81/g3/g68/g80/g83/g79/g76/g87/g88/g71/g72/g3 /g68/g81/g71/g3/g71/g76/g85/g72/g70/g87/g76/g82/g81/g17/g3/g55/g75/g72/g3/g90/g68/g89/g72/g73/g82/g85/g80/g3/g83/g85/g82/g71/g88/g70/g72/g71/g3/g76/g86/g3/g70/g68/g79/g79/g72/g71/g3/g68/g3/g86/g76/g81/g72/g3/g90/g68/g89/g72/g3/g68/g81/g71/g3/g76/g86/g3/g68/g3/g74/g85/g68/g83/g75/g76/g70/g68/g79/g3/g83/g76/g70/g87/g88/g85/g72/g3/g82/g73/g3/g68/g79/g87/g72/g85/g81/g68/g87/g76/g81/g74/g3 /g70/g88/g85/g85/g72/g81/g87/g3/g11/g68/g70/g12/g17/g3/g50/g81/g72/g3/g70/g82/g80/g83/g79/g72/g87/g72/g3/g85/g72/g89/g82/g79/g88/g87/g76/g82/g81/g3/g11/g22/g25/g19/g158 /g12/g3/g82/g73/g3/g87/g75/g72/g3/g70/g82/g81/g71/g88/g70/g87/g82/g85/g3/g83/g85/g82/g71/g88/g70/g72/g86/g3/g82/g81/g72/g3/g70/g92/g70/g79/g72/g3/g82/g73/g3/g68/g70/g17/g3/g55/g75/g72/g3/g70/g92/g70/g79/g72/g3/g76/g86/g3 /g70/g82/g80/g83/g82/g86/g72/g71/g3/g82/g73/g3/g87/g90/g82/g3/g68/g79/g87/g72/g85/g81/g68/g87/g76/g82/g81/g86/g29/g3/g68/g3/g83/g82/g86/g76/g87/g76/g89/g72/g3/g68/g79/g87/g72/g85/g81/g68/g87/g76/g82/g81/g3/g68/g81/g71/g3/g68/g3/g81/g72/g74/g68/g87/g76/g89/g72/g3/g68/g79/g87/g72/g85/g81/g68/g87/g76/g82/g81/g17/g3/g50/g81/g72/g3/g70/g92/g70/g79/g72/g3/g82/g73/g3/g68/g70/g3/g76/g81/g3/g82/g81/g72/g3 /g86/g72/g70/g82/g81/g71/g3/g76/g86/g3/g72/g84/g88/g68/g79/g3/g87/g82/g3/g20/g3/g75/g72/g85/g87/g93/g3/g11/g20/g3/g43/g93/g12/g17/g3
FREQUENCY /g178/g55/g75/g72/g3/g81/g88/g80/g69/g72/g85/g3/g82/g73/g3/g70/g92/g70/g79/g72/g86/g3/g82/g73/g3/g68/g70/g3/g83/g72/g85/g3/g86/g72/g70/g82/g81/g71/g3/g76/g86/g3/g85/g72/g73/g72/g85/g85/g72/g71/g3/g87/g82/g3/g68/g86/g3/g87/g75/g72/g3/g41/g53/g40/g52/g56/g40/g49/g38/g60/g17/g3/g36/g38/g3 /g73/g85/g72/g84/g88/g72/g81/g70/g92/g3/g76/g86/g3/g80/g72/g68/g86/g88/g85/g72/g71/g3/g76/g81/g3/g75/g72/g85/g87/g93/g17/g3/g48/g82/g86/g87/g3/g68/g70/g3/g72/g84/g88/g76/g83/g80/g72/g81/g87/g3/g76/g86/g3/g85/g68/g87/g72/g71/g3/g69/g92/g3/g73/g85/g72/g84/g88/g72/g81/g70/g92/g3/g68/g86/g3/g90/g72/g79/g79/g3/g68/g86/g3/g69/g92/g3/g89/g82/g79/g87/g68/g74/g72/g3/g68/g81/g71/g3 /g70/g88/g85/g85/g72/g81/g87/g17/g3 P E R I O D /g178/g55/g75/g72/g3/g87/g76/g80/g72/g3/g85/g72/g84/g88/g76/g85/g72/g71/g3/g87/g82/g3/g70/g82/g80/g83/g79/g72/g87/g72/g3/g82/g81/g72/g3/g70/g92/g70/g79/g72/g3/g82/g73/g3/g68/g3/g90/g68/g89/g72/g73/g82/g85/g80/g3/g76/g86/g3/g70/g68/g79/g79/g72/g71/g3/g87/g75/g72/g3/g51/g40/g53/g44/g50/g39/g3/g50/g41/g3/g55/g43/g40/g3 /g58/g36/g57/g40/g17/g3 /g3 /g40/g68/g70/g75/g3/g68/g70/g3/g86/g76/g81/g72/g3/g90/g68/g89/g72/g3/g76/g86/g3/g70/g82/g80/g83/g82/g86/g72/g71/g3/g82/g73/g3/g87/g90/g82/g3/g68/g79/g87/g72/g85/g81/g68/g87/g76/g82/g81/g86/g17/g3/g55/g75/g72/g3/g68/g79/g87/g72/g85/g81/g68/g87/g76/g82/g81/g3/g90/g75/g76/g70/g75/g3/g82/g70/g70/g88/g85/g86/g3/g71/g88/g85/g76/g81/g74/g3/g87/g75/g72/g3/g87/g76/g80/g72/g3/g87/g75/g72/g3 /g86/g76/g81/g72/g3/g90/g68/g89/g72/g3/g76/g86/g3/g83/g82/g86/g76/g87/g76/g89/g72/g3/g76/g86/g3/g70/g68/g79/g79/g72/g71/g3/g87/g75/g72/g3/g83/g82/g86/g76/g87/g76/g89/g72/g3/g68/g79/g87/g72/g85/g81/g68/g87/g76/g82/g81/g17/g3/g55/g75/g72/g3/g68/g79/g87/g72/g85/g81/g68/g87/g76/g82/g81/g3/g90/g75/g76/g70/g75/g3/g82/g70/g70/g88/g85/g86/g3/g71/g88/g85/g76/g81/g74/g3/g87/g75/g72/g3/g87/g76/g80/g72/g3/g87/g75/g72/g3 /g86/g76/g81/g72/g3/g90/g68/g89/g72/g3/g76/g86/g3/g81/g72/g74/g68/g87/g76/g89/g72/g3/g76/g86/g3/g70/g68/g79/g79/g72/g71/g3/g87/g75/g72/g3/g81/g72/g74/g68/g87/g76/g89/g72/g3/g68/g79/g87/g72/g85/g81/g68/g87/g76/g82/g81/g17/g3/g44/g81/g3/g72/g68/g70/g75/g3/g70/g92/g70/g79/g72/g3/g82/g73/g3/g86/g76/g81/g72/g3/g90/g68/g89/g72/g15/g3/g87/g75/g72/g3/g87/g90/g82/g3/g68/g79/g87/g72/g85/g81/g68/g87/g76/g82/g81/g86/g3 /g68/g85/g72/g3/g76/g71/g72/g81/g87/g76/g70/g68/g79/g3/g76/g81/g3/g86/g76/g93/g72/g3/g68/g81/g71/g3/g86/g75/g68/g83/g72/g15/g3/g69/g88/g87/g3/g82/g83/g83/g82/g86/g76/g87/g72/g3/g76/g81/g3/g83/g82/g79/g68/g85/g76/g87/g92/g17/g3 /g3 /g55/g75/g72/g3/g83/g72/g85/g76/g82/g71/g3/g82/g73/g3/g68/g3/g86/g76/g81/g72/g3/g90/g68/g89/g72/g3/g76/g86/g3/g76/g81/g89/g72/g85/g86/g72/g79/g92/g3/g83/g85/g82/g83/g82/g85/g87/g76/g82/g81/g68/g79/g3/g87/g82/g3/g87/g75/g72/g3/g73/g85/g72/g84/g88/g72/g81/g70/g92/g30/g3/g72/g17/g74/g17/g15/g3/g87/g75/g72/g3/g75/g76/g74/g75/g72/g85/g3/g87/g75/g72/g3/g73/g85/g72/g84/g88/g72/g81/g70/g92/g15/g3 /g87/g75/g72/g3/g86/g75/g82/g85/g87/g72/g85/g3/g87/g75/g72/g3/g83/g72/g85/g76/g82/g71/g17/g3/g55/g75/g72/g3/g80/g68/g87/g75/g72/g80/g68/g87/g76/g70/g68/g79/g3/g85/g72/g79/g68/g87/g76/g82/g81/g86/g75/g76/g83/g86/g3/g69/g72/g87/g90/g72/g72/g81/g3/g87/g76/g80/g72/g3/g68/g81/g71/g3/g73/g85/g72/g84/g88/g72/g81/g70/g92/g3/g68/g85/g72/g3
/g3 /g20/g16/g21/g26/g3
WAVELENGTH /g178/g55/g75/g72/g3/g83/g72/g85/g76/g82/g71/g3/g82/g73/g3/g68/g3/g86/g76/g81/g72/g3/g90/g68/g89/g72/g3/g76/g86/g3/g71/g72/g73/g76/g81/g72/g71/g3/g68/g86/g3/g87/g75/g72/g3/g87/g76/g80/g72/g3/g76/g87/g3/g87/g68/g78/g72/g86/g3/g87/g82/g3/g70/g82/g80/g83/g79/g72/g87/g72/g3/g82/g81/g72/g3/g70/g92/g70/g79/g72/g17/g3 /g55/g75/g72/g3/g71/g76/g86/g87/g68/g81/g70/g72/g3/g87/g75/g72/g3/g90/g68/g89/g72/g73/g82/g85/g80/g3/g70/g82/g89/g72/g85/g86/g3/g71/g88/g85/g76/g81/g74/g3/g87/g75/g76/g86/g3/g83/g72/g85/g76/g82/g71/g3/g76/g86/g3/g85/g72/g73/g72/g85/g85/g72/g71/g3/g87/g82/g3/g68/g86/g3/g87/g75/g72/g3/g90/g68/g89/g72/g79/g72/g81/g74/g87/g75/g17/g3/g58/g68/g89/g72/g79/g72/g81/g74/g87/g75/g3/g76/g86/g3 /g76/g81/g71/g76/g70/g68/g87/g72/g71/g3/g69/g92/g3/g79/g68/g80/g69/g71/g68/g3/g11/g540/g12/g3/g68/g81/g71/g3/g76/g86/g3/g80/g72/g68/g86/g88/g85/g72/g71/g3/g73/g85/g82/g80/g3/g68/g3/g83/g82/g76/g81/g87/g3/g82/g81/g3/g68/g3/g74/g76/g89/g72/g81/g3/g90/g68/g89/g72/g73/g82/g85/g80/g3/g11/g86/g76/g81/g72/g3/g90/g68/g89/g72/g12/g3/g87/g82/g3/g87/g75/g72/g3 /g70/g82/g85/g85/g72/g86/g83/g82/g81/g71/g76/g81/g74/g3/g83/g82/g76/g81/g87/g3/g82/g81/g3/g87/g75/g72/g3/g81/g72/g91/g87/g3/g90/g68/g89/g72/g73/g82/g85/g80/g17/g3
PEAK AND PEAK-TO-PEAK VALUES /g178/g55/g75/g72/g3/g80/g68/g91/g76/g80/g88/g80/g3/g89/g68/g79/g88/g72/g3/g85/g72/g68/g70/g75/g72/g71/g3/g71/g88/g85/g76/g81/g74/g3/g82/g81/g72/g3/g68/g79/g87/g72/g85/g81/g68/g87/g76/g82/g81/g3/g82/g73/g3 /g68/g3/g86/g76/g81/g72/g3/g90/g68/g89/g72/g3/g76/g86/g3/g87/g75/g72/g3/g83/g72/g68/g78/g3/g89/g68/g79/g88/g72/g17/g3/g55/g75/g72/g3/g80/g68/g91/g76/g80/g88/g80/g3/g85/g72/g68/g70/g75/g72/g71/g3/g71/g88/g85/g76/g81/g74/g3/g87/g75/g72/g3/g83/g82/g86/g76/g87/g76/g89/g72/g3/g68/g79/g87/g72/g85/g81/g68/g87/g76/g82/g81/g3/g87/g82/g3/g87/g75/g72/g3/g80/g68/g91/g76/g80/g88/g80/g3 /g89/g68/g79/g88/g72/g3/g85/g72/g68/g70/g75/g72/g71/g3/g71/g88/g85/g76/g81/g74/g3/g87/g75/g72/g3/g81/g72/g74/g68/g87/g76/g89/g72/g3/g68/g79/g87/g72/g85/g81/g68/g87/g76/g82/g81/g3/g76/g86/g3/g87/g75/g72/g3/g83/g72/g68/g78/g16/g87/g82/g16/g83/g72/g68/g78/g3/g89/g68/g79/g88/g72/g17/g3/g55/g75/g72/g3/g83/g72/g68/g78/g16/g87/g82/g16/g83/g72/g68/g78/g3/g89/g68/g79/g88/g72/g3/g76/g86/g3/g87/g90/g76/g70/g72/g3 /g87/g75/g72/g3/g83/g72/g68/g78/g3/g89/g68/g79/g88/g72/g17/g3
/g3 /g20/g16/g21/g27/g3
INSTANTANEOUS VALUE /g178/g55/g75/g72/g3/g76/g81/g86/g87/g68/g81/g87/g68/g81/g72/g82/g88/g86/g3/g89/g68/g79/g88/g72/g3/g82/g73/g3/g68/g3/g86/g76/g81/g72/g3/g90/g68/g89/g72/g3/g82/g73/g3/g68/g79/g87/g72/g85/g81/g68/g87/g76/g81/g74/g3/g89/g82/g79/g87/g68/g74/g72/g3/g82/g85/g3 /g70/g88/g85/g85/g72/g81/g87/g3/g76/g86/g3/g87/g75/g72/g3/g89/g68/g79/g88/g72/g3/g82/g73/g3/g89/g82/g79/g87/g68/g74/g72/g3/g82/g85/g3/g70/g88/g85/g85/g72/g81/g87/g3/g68/g87/g3/g82/g81/g72/g3/g83/g68/g85/g87/g76/g70/g88/g79/g68/g85/g3/g76/g81/g86/g87/g68/g81/g87/g3/g82/g73/g3/g87/g76/g80/g72/g17/g3/g55/g75/g72/g85/g72/g3/g68/g85/g72/g3/g68/g81/g3/g76/g81/g73/g76/g81/g76/g87/g72/g3/g81/g88/g80/g69/g72/g85/g3/g82/g73/g3 /g76/g81/g86/g87/g68/g81/g87/g68/g81/g72/g82/g88/g86/g3/g89/g68/g79/g88/g72/g86/g3/g69/g72/g87/g90/g72/g72/g81/g3/g93/g72/g85/g82/g3/g68/g81/g71/g3/g87/g75/g72/g3/g83/g72/g68/g78/g3/g89/g68/g79/g88/g72/g17/g3 AVERAGE VALUE /g178/g55/g75/g72/g3/g68/g89/g72/g85/g68/g74/g72/g3/g89/g68/g79/g88/g72/g3/g82/g73/g3/g68/g3/g86/g76/g81/g72/g3/g90/g68/g89/g72/g3/g82/g73/g3/g89/g82/g79/g87/g68/g74/g72/g3/g82/g85/g3/g70/g88/g85/g85/g72/g81/g87/g3/g76/g86/g3/g87/g75/g72/g3/g68/g89/g72/g85/g68/g74/g72/g3/g82/g73/g3/g68/g79/g79/g3 /g87/g75/g72/g3/g76/g81/g86/g87/g68/g81/g87/g68/g81/g72/g82/g88/g86/g3/g89/g68/g79/g88/g72/g86/g3/g71/g88/g85/g76/g81/g74/g3/g82/g81/g72/g3/g68/g79/g87/g72/g85/g81/g68/g87/g76/g82/g81/g17/g3/g55/g75/g72/g3/g68/g89/g72/g85/g68/g74/g72/g3/g89/g68/g79/g88/g72/g3/g76/g86/g3/g72/g84/g88/g68/g79/g3/g87/g82/g3/g19/g17/g25/g22/g25/g3/g82/g73/g3/g87/g75/g72/g3/g83/g72/g68/g78/g3/g89/g68/g79/g88/g72/g17/g3 /g55/g75/g72/g3/g73/g82/g85/g80/g88/g79/g68/g86/g3/g73/g82/g85/g3/g68/g89/g72/g85/g68/g74/g72/g3/g89/g82/g79/g87/g68/g74/g72/g3/g68/g81/g71/g3/g68/g89/g72/g85/g68/g74/g72/g3/g70/g88/g85/g85/g72/g81/g87/g3/g68/g85/g72/g29/g3
/g53/g72/g80/g72/g80/g69/g72/g85/g29/g3/g55/g75/g72/g3/g68/g89/g72/g85/g68/g74/g72/g3/g89/g68/g79/g88/g72/g3/g11/g40/g68/g89/g74/g3/g82/g85/g3/g44/g3/g68/g89/g74/g12/g3/g76/g86/g3/g73/g82/g85/g3/g82/g81/g72/g3/g68/g79/g87/g72/g85/g81/g68/g87/g76/g82/g81/g3/g82/g81/g79/g92/g17/g3/g55/g75/g72/g3/g68/g89/g72/g85/g68/g74/g72/g3/g89/g68/g79/g88/g72/g3/g82/g73/g3/g68/g3/g70/g82/g80/g83/g79/g72/g87/g72/g3 /g86/g76/g81/g72/g3/g90/g68/g89/g72/g3/g76/g86/g3/g93/g72/g85/g82/g17/g3 EFFECTIVE VALUE /g178/g55/g75/g72/g3/g72/g73/g73/g72/g70/g87/g76/g89/g72/g3/g89/g68/g79/g88/g72/g3/g82/g73/g3/g68/g81/g3/g68/g79/g87/g72/g85/g81/g68/g87/g76/g81/g74/g3/g70/g88/g85/g85/g72/g81/g87/g3/g82/g85/g3/g89/g82/g79/g87/g68/g74/g72/g3/g76/g86/g3/g87/g75/g72/g3/g89/g68/g79/g88/g72/g3/g82/g73/g3 /g68/g79/g87/g72/g85/g81/g68/g87/g76/g81/g74/g3/g70/g88/g85/g85/g72/g81/g87/g3/g82/g85/g3/g89/g82/g79/g87/g68/g74/g72/g3/g87/g75/g68/g87/g3/g83/g85/g82/g71/g88/g70/g72/g86/g3/g87/g75/g72/g3/g86/g68/g80/g72/g3/g68/g80/g82/g88/g81/g87/g3/g82/g73/g3/g75/g72/g68/g87/g3/g76/g81/g3/g68/g3/g85/g72/g86/g76/g86/g87/g76/g89/g72/g3/g70/g82/g80/g83/g82/g81/g72/g81/g87/g3/g87/g75/g68/g87/g3/g90/g82/g88/g79/g71/g3 /g69/g72/g3/g83/g85/g82/g71/g88/g70/g72/g71/g3/g76/g81/g3/g87/g75/g72/g3/g86/g68/g80/g72/g3/g70/g82/g80/g83/g82/g81/g72/g81/g87/g3/g69/g92/g3/g68/g3/g71/g76/g85/g72/g70/g87/g3/g70/g88/g85/g85/g72/g81/g87/g3/g82/g85/g3/g89/g82/g79/g87/g68/g74/g72/g3/g82/g73/g3/g87/g75/g72/g3/g86/g68/g80/g72/g3/g89/g68/g79/g88/g72/g17/g3/g55/g75/g72/g3/g72/g73/g73/g72/g70/g87/g76/g89/g72/g3/g89/g68/g79/g88/g72/g3 /g82/g73/g3/g68/g3/g86/g76/g81/g72/g3/g90/g68/g89/g72/g3/g76/g86/g3/g72/g84/g88/g68/g79/g3/g87/g82/g3/g19/g17/g26/g19/g26/g3/g87/g76/g80/g72/g86/g3/g87/g75/g72/g3/g83/g72/g68/g78/g3/g89/g68/g79/g88/g72/g17/g3/g55/g75/g72/g3/g72/g73/g73/g72/g70/g87/g76/g89/g72/g3/g89/g68/g79/g88/g72/g3/g76/g86/g3/g68/g79/g86/g82/g3/g70/g68/g79/g79/g72/g71/g3/g87/g75/g72/g3/g85/g82/g82/g87/g3/g80/g72/g68/g81/g3 /g86/g84/g88/g68/g85/g72/g3/g82/g85/g3/g85/g80/g86/g3/g89/g68/g79/g88/g72/g17/g3 /g3 /g55/g75/g72/g3/g87/g72/g85/g80/g3/g85/g80/g86/g3/g89/g68/g79/g88/g72/g3/g76/g86/g3/g88/g86/g72/g71/g3/g87/g82/g3/g71/g72/g86/g70/g85/g76/g69/g72/g3/g87/g75/g72/g3/g83/g85/g82/g70/g72/g86/g86/g3/g82/g73/g3/g71/g72/g87/g72/g85/g80/g76/g81/g76/g81/g74/g3/g87/g75/g72/g3/g72/g73/g73/g72/g70/g87/g76/g89/g72/g3/g89/g68/g79/g88/g72/g3/g82/g73/g3/g68/g3/g86/g76/g81/g72/g3/g90/g68/g89/g72/g3 /g69/g92/g3/g88/g86/g76/g81/g74/g3/g87/g75/g72/g3/g76/g81/g86/g87/g68/g81/g87/g68/g81/g72/g82/g88/g86/g3/g89/g68/g79/g88/g72/g3/g82/g73/g3/g89/g82/g79/g87/g68/g74/g72/g3/g82/g85/g3/g70/g88/g85/g85/g72/g81/g87/g17/g3/g60/g82/g88/g3/g70/g68/g81/g3/g73/g76/g81/g71/g3/g87/g75/g72/g3/g85/g80/g86/g3/g89/g68/g79/g88/g72/g3/g82/g73/g3/g68/g3/g70/g88/g85/g85/g72/g81/g87/g3/g82/g85/g3/g89/g82/g79/g87/g68/g74/g72/g3 /g69/g92/g3/g87/g68/g78/g76/g81/g74/g3/g72/g84/g88/g68/g79/g79/g92/g3/g86/g83/g68/g70/g72/g71/g3/g76/g81/g86/g87/g68/g81/g87/g68/g81/g72/g82/g88/g86/g3/g89/g68/g79/g88/g72/g86/g3/g82/g81/g3/g87/g75/g72/g3/g86/g76/g81/g72/g3/g90/g68/g89/g72/g3/g68/g81/g71/g3/g72/g91/g87/g85/g68/g70/g87/g76/g81/g74/g3/g87/g75/g72/g3/g86/g84/g88/g68/g85/g72/g3/g85/g82/g82/g87/g3/g82/g73/g3/g87/g75/g72/g3 /g68/g89/g72/g85/g68/g74/g72/g3/g82/g73/g3/g87/g75/g72/g3/g86/g88/g80/g3/g82/g73/g3/g87/g75/g72/g3/g76/g81/g86/g87/g68/g81/g87/g68/g81/g72/g82/g88/g86/g3/g89/g68/g79/g88/g72/g86/g17/g3/g55/g75/g76/g86/g3/g76/g86/g3/g90/g75/g72/g85/g72/g3/g87/g75/g72/g3/g87/g72/g85/g80/g3/g5/g53/g82/g82/g87/g16/g48/g72/g68/g81/g16/g54/g84/g88/g68/g85/g72/g5/g3/g11/g85/g80/g86/g12/g3/g89/g68/g79/g88/g72/g3 /g70/g82/g80/g72/g86/g3/g73/g85/g82/g80/g17/g3 /g3 /g55/g75/g72/g3/g73/g82/g85/g80/g88/g79/g68/g86/g3/g73/g82/g85/g3/g72/g73/g73/g72/g70/g87/g76/g89/g72/g3/g68/g81/g71/g3/g80/g68/g91/g76/g80/g88/g80/g3/g89/g68/g79/g88/g72/g86/g3/g82/g73/g3/g89/g82/g79/g87/g68/g74/g72/g3/g68/g81/g71/g3/g70/g88/g85/g85/g72/g81/g87/g3/g68/g85/g72/g29/g3
/g3 /g20/g16/g21/g28/g3
SINE WAVES IN PHASE /g178/g58/g75/g72/g81/g3/g87/g90/g82/g3/g86/g76/g81/g72/g3/g90/g68/g89/g72/g86/g3/g68/g85/g72/g3/g72/g91/g68/g70/g87/g79/g92/g3/g76/g81/g3/g86/g87/g72/g83/g3/g90/g76/g87/g75/g3/g72/g68/g70/g75/g3/g82/g87/g75/g72/g85/g15/g3/g87/g75/g72/g92/g3/g68/g85/g72/g3/g86/g68/g76/g71/g3 /g87/g82/g3/g69/g72/g3/g76/g81/g3/g83/g75/g68/g86/g72/g17/g3/g55/g82/g3/g69/g72/g3/g76/g81/g3/g83/g75/g68/g86/g72/g15/g3/g69/g82/g87/g75/g3/g86/g76/g81/g72/g3/g90/g68/g89/g72/g86/g3/g80/g88/g86/g87/g3/g74/g82/g3/g87/g75/g85/g82/g88/g74/g75/g3/g87/g75/g72/g76/g85/g3/g80/g76/g81/g76/g80/g88/g80/g3/g68/g81/g71/g3/g80/g68/g91/g76/g80/g88/g80/g3/g83/g82/g76/g81/g87/g86/g3/g68/g87/g3 /g87/g75/g72/g3/g86/g68/g80/g72/g3/g87/g76/g80/g72/g3/g68/g81/g71/g3/g76/g81/g3/g87/g75/g72/g3/g86/g68/g80/g72/g3/g71/g76/g85/g72/g70/g87/g76/g82/g81/g17/g3
SINE WAVES OUT OF PHASE /g178/g58/g75/g72/g81/g3/g87/g90/g82/g3/g86/g76/g81/g72/g3/g90/g68/g89/g72/g86/g3/g74/g82/g3/g87/g75/g85/g82/g88/g74/g75/g3/g87/g75/g72/g76/g85/g3/g80/g76/g81/g76/g80/g88/g80/g3/g68/g81/g71/g3/g80/g68/g91/g76/g80/g88/g80/g3 /g83/g82/g76/g81/g87/g86/g3/g68/g87/g3/g71/g76/g73/g73/g72/g85/g72/g81/g87/g3/g87/g76/g80/g72/g86/g15/g3/g68/g3/g83/g75/g68/g86/g72/g3/g71/g76/g73/g73/g72/g85/g72/g81/g70/g72/g3/g72/g91/g76/g86/g87/g86/g3/g69/g72/g87/g90/g72/g72/g81/g3/g87/g75/g72/g80/g17/g3/g55/g75/g72/g3/g87/g90/g82/g3/g90/g68/g89/g72/g86/g3/g68/g85/g72/g3/g86/g68/g76/g71/g3/g87/g82/g3/g69/g72/g3/g82/g88/g87/g3/g82/g73/g3 /g83/g75/g68/g86/g72/g3/g90/g76/g87/g75/g3/g72/g68/g70/g75/g3/g82/g87/g75/g72/g85/g17/g3/g55/g82/g3/g71/g72/g86/g70/g85/g76/g69/g72/g3/g87/g75/g76/g86/g3/g83/g75/g68/g86/g72/g3/g71/g76/g73/g73/g72/g85/g72/g81/g70/g72/g15/g3/g87/g75/g72/g3/g87/g72/g85/g80/g86/g3/g79/g72/g68/g71/g3/g68/g81/g71/g3/g79/g68/g74/g3/g68/g85/g72/g3/g88/g86/g72/g71/g17/g3/g55/g75/g72/g3/g90/g68/g89/g72/g3/g87/g75/g68/g87/g3 /g85/g72/g68/g70/g75/g72/g86/g3/g76/g87/g86/g3/g80/g76/g81/g76/g80/g88/g80/g3/g11/g82/g85/g3/g80/g68/g91/g76/g80/g88/g80/g12/g3/g89/g68/g79/g88/g72/g3/g73/g76/g85/g86/g87/g3/g76/g86/g3/g86/g68/g76/g71/g3/g87/g82/g3/g79/g72/g68/g71/g3/g87/g75/g72/g3/g82/g87/g75/g72/g85/g3/g90/g68/g89/g72/g17/g3/g55/g75/g72/g3/g87/g72/g85/g80/g3/g79/g68/g74/g3/g76/g86/g3/g88/g86/g72/g71/g3/g87/g82/g3 /g71/g72/g86/g70/g85/g76/g69/g72/g3/g87/g75/g72/g3/g90/g68/g89/g72/g3/g87/g75/g68/g87/g3/g85/g72/g68/g70/g75/g72/g86/g3/g76/g87/g86/g3/g80/g76/g81/g76/g80/g88/g80/g3/g11/g82/g85/g3/g80/g68/g91/g76/g80/g88/g80/g12/g3/g89/g68/g79/g88/g72/g3/g86/g82/g80/g72/g3/g87/g76/g80/g72/g3/g68/g73/g87/g72/g85/g3/g87/g75/g72/g3/g73/g76/g85/g86/g87/g3/g90/g68/g89/g72/g3/g71/g82/g72/g86/g17/g3 /g58/g75/g72/g81/g3/g68/g3/g86/g76/g81/g72/g3/g90/g68/g89/g72/g3/g76/g86/g3/g71/g72/g86/g70/g85/g76/g69/g72/g71/g3/g68/g86/g3/g79/g72/g68/g71/g76/g81/g74/g3/g82/g85/g3/g79/g68/g74/g74/g76/g81/g74/g15/g3/g87/g75/g72/g3/g71/g76/g73/g73/g72/g85/g72/g81/g70/g72/g3/g76/g81/g3/g71/g72/g74/g85/g72/g72/g86/g3/g76/g86/g3/g88/g86/g88/g68/g79/g79/g92/g3/g86/g87/g68/g87/g72/g71/g17/g3/g41/g82/g85/g3 /g72/g91/g68/g80/g83/g79/g72/g15/g3/g90/g68/g89/g72/g3/g40/g20/g3/g79/g72/g68/g71/g86/g3/g90/g68/g89/g72/g3/g40/g3/g21/g3/g69/g92/g3/g28/g19/g158 /g15/g3/g82/g85/g3/g90/g68/g89/g72/g3/g40/g21/g3/g79/g68/g74/g86/g3/g90/g68/g89/g72/g3/g40/g3/g20/g3/g69/g92/g3/g28/g19/g158 /g17/g3/g53/g72/g80/g72/g80/g69/g72/g85/g29/g3/g55/g90/g82/g3/g86/g76/g81/g72/g3/g90/g68/g89/g72/g86/g3 /g70/g68/g81/g3/g71/g76/g73/g73/g72/g85/g3/g69/g92/g3/g68/g81/g92/g3/g81/g88/g80/g69/g72/g85/g3/g82/g73/g3/g71/g72/g74/g85/g72/g72/g86/g3/g72/g91/g70/g72/g83/g87/g3/g19/g158 /g3/g68/g81/g71/g3/g22/g25/g19/g158 /g17/g3/g55/g90/g82/g3/g86/g76/g81/g72/g3/g90/g68/g89/g72/g86/g3/g87/g75/g68/g87/g3/g71/g76/g73/g73/g72/g85/g3/g69/g92/g3/g19/g158 /g3/g82/g85/g3/g69/g92/g3/g22/g25/g19/g158 /g3/g68/g85/g72/g3 /g70/g82/g81/g86/g76/g71/g72/g85/g72/g71/g3/g87/g82/g3/g69/g72/g3/g76/g81/g3/g83/g75/g68/g86/g72/g17/g3/g55/g90/g82/g3/g86/g76/g81/g72/g3/g90/g68/g89/g72/g86/g3/g87/g75/g68/g87/g3/g68/g85/g72/g3/g82/g83/g83/g82/g86/g76/g87/g72/g3/g76/g81/g3/g83/g82/g79/g68/g85/g76/g87/g92/g3/g68/g81/g71/g3/g87/g75/g68/g87/g3/g71/g76/g73/g73/g72/g85/g3/g69/g92/g3/g20/g27/g19/g158 /g3/g68/g85/g72/g3/g86/g68/g76/g71/g3/g87/g82/g3 /g69/g72/g3/g82/g88/g87/g3/g82/g73/g3/g83/g75/g68/g86/g72/g15/g3/g72/g89/g72/g81/g3/g87/g75/g82/g88/g74/g75/g3/g87/g75/g72/g92/g3/g74/g82/g3/g87/g75/g85/g82/g88/g74/g75/g3/g87/g75/g72/g76/g85/g3/g80/g76/g81/g76/g80/g88/g80/g3/g68/g81/g71/g3/g80/g68/g91/g76/g80/g88/g80/g3/g83/g82/g76/g81/g87/g86/g3/g68/g87/g3/g87/g75/g72/g3/g86/g68/g80/g72/g3/g87/g76/g80/g72/g17/g3
/g3 /g20/g16/g22/g19/g3
OHM'S LAW IN AC CIRCUIT /g178/g36/g79/g79/g3/g71/g70/g3/g85/g88/g79/g72/g86/g3/g68/g81/g71/g3/g79/g68/g90/g86/g3/g68/g83/g83/g79/g92/g3/g87/g82/g3/g68/g81/g3/g68/g70/g3/g70/g76/g85/g70/g88/g76/g87/g3/g87/g75/g68/g87/g3/g70/g82/g81/g87/g68/g76/g81/g86/g3/g82/g81/g79/g92/g3 /g85/g72/g86/g76/g86/g87/g68/g81/g70/g72/g17/g3/g55/g75/g72/g3/g76/g80/g83/g82/g85/g87/g68/g81/g87/g3/g83/g82/g76/g81/g87/g3/g87/g82/g3/g85/g72/g80/g72/g80/g69/g72/g85/g3/g76/g86/g29/g3/g39/g82/g3/g81/g82/g87/g3/g80/g76/g91/g3/g68/g70/g3/g89/g68/g79/g88/g72/g86/g17/g3/g50/g75/g80/g10/g86/g3/g47/g68/g90/g3/g73/g82/g85/g80/g88/g79/g68/g86/g3/g73/g82/g85/g3/g68/g70/g3/g70/g76/g85/g70/g88/g76/g87/g86/g3 /g68/g85/g72/g3/g74/g76/g89/g72/g81/g3/g69/g72/g79/g82/g90/g29/g3 /g3
/g3 /g20/g16/g22/g20/g3 ANSWERS TO QUESTIONS Q1. THROUGH Q43. A1. An electrical current which flows in one direction only. A2. An electrical current which is constantly varying in amplitude, and which changes direction at regular intervals. A3. The dc voltage must be generated at the level required by the load. A4. The I 2R power loss is excessive. A5. Alternating current (ac). A6. The needle aligns itself at right angles to the conductor. A7. (a) clockwise (b) counterclockwise. A8. It is used to determine the relation between the direction of the magnetic lines of force around a conductor and the direction of current through the conductor. A9. The north pole of the compass will point in the direction of the magnetic lines of force. A10. It combines with the other field. A11. It deforms the other field. A12. (a) The field consists of concentric circles in a plane perpendicular to the wire (b) the field of each turn of wire links with the fields of adjacent turns producing a two-pole field similar in shape to that of a simple bar magnet. A13. The polarity of the two-pole field reverses. A14. Use the left-hand rule for coils. A15. Grasp the coil in your left hand, with your fingers "wrapped around" in the direction of electron flow. The thumb will point toward the north pole. A16. (a) When the conductors are cutting directly across the magnetic lines of force (at the 90º and 270º points). (b) When the conductors are moving parallel to the magnetic lines of force (at the 0° , 180° , and 360° points). A17. 360° . A18. Extend your left hand so that your thumb points in the direction of conductor movement, and your forefinger points in the direction of the magnetic flux (north to south). Now point your middle finger 90° from the forefinger and it will point in the direction of electron current flow in the conductor. A19. Continuous rotation of the conductor through magnetic fines of force produces a series of cycles of alternating voltage or, in other words, an alternating voltage or a sine wave of voltage. A20. Frequency is the number of complete cycles of alternating voltage or current completed each second.
/g3 /g20/g16/g22/g21/g3 A21. Period. A22. A positive alternation is the positive variation in the voltage or current of a sine curve. A23. The period measures time and the wavelength measures distance. A24. The peak value is the maximum value of one alternation; the peak-to-peak value is twice the maximum or peak value. A25. Twice. A26. The instantaneous value (E inst or Iinst) A27. Average value (E avg or Iavg) A28. Zero A29.
A30.
A31.
A32. The power (heat) produced in a resistance by a dc voltage is compared to that produced in the same resistance by an ac voltage of the same peak amplitude. A33. The effective value. A34.
/g3 /g20/g16/g22/g22/g3 A35.
A36.
(Remember: Unless specified otherwise, the voltage or current value is always considered to be the effective value.) A37. When the two waves go through their maximum and minimum points at the same time and in the same direction. A38. When the waves do not go through their maximum and minimum points at the same time, a PHASE DIFFERENCE exists, and the two waves are said to be out of phase. (Two waves are also considered to be out of phase if they differ in phase by 180° and their instantaneous voltages are always of opposite polarity, even though both waves go through their maximum and minimum points at the same time). A39. They are in phase with each other. A40. Locate the points on the time axis where the two waves cross traveling in the same direction. The number of degrees between these two points is the phase difference. A41.
A42. I avg = 0.636 × Imax = 1.41 amperes. A43. 43.3 ohms.
(no extractable text on this page)
2-1 CHAPTER 2 INDUCTANCE
LEARNING OBJECTIVES Upon completion of this chapter you will be able to: 1. Write the basic unit of and the symbol for inductance. 2. State the type of moving field used to generate an emf in a conductor. 3. Define the term "inductance." 4. State the meanings of the terms "induced emf" and "counter emf." 5. State Lenz's law. 6. State the effect that inductance has on steady direct current, and direct current that is changing in magnitude. 7. List five factors that affect the inductance of a coil, and state how various physical changes in these factors affect inductance. 8. State the principles and sequences involved in the buildup and decay of current in an LR series circuit. 9. Write the formula for computing one time constant in an LR series circuit. 10. Solve L/R time constant problems. 11. State the three types of power loss in an inductor. 12. Define the term "mutual inductance." 13. State the meaning of the term "coupled circuits." 14. State the meaning of the term "coefficient of coupling." 15. Given the inductance values of and the coefficient of coupling between two series-connected inductors, solve for mutual inductance, M. 16. Write the formula for the "total inductance" of two inductors connected in series-opposing. 17. Given the inductance values of and the mutual inductance value between two coils connected in series-aiding, solve for their combined inductance, L T.